You discovered the bottom quark.
- +You discovered the bottom quark.
+
The bottom (or beauty) quark is a third-generation quark with a charge of -1/3. It has a large mass (around 4.2 GeV/c^2 — more that 4 times the proton mass!). The bottom quark is notable because it is a product in almost all top quark decays, and is a frequent decay product for the Higgs boson. +
The bottom (or beauty) quark is a third-generation quark with a charge of −⅓. It has a large mass (around 4.2 GeV/c2 — more that four times the proton mass!). The bottom quark is notable because it is a product in almost all top quark decays, and is a frequent decay product for the Higgs boson.
-The bottom quark was predicted in 1973 by physicists Makoto Kobayashi and Toshihide Maskawa as part of their explanation for CP violation. The name "bottom" was introduced in 1975 by Haim Harari. The bottom quark was discovered in 1977 by the Fermilab E288 experiment team led by Leon M. Lederman, when collisions produced bottomonium. Kobayashi and Maskawa won the 2008 Nobel Prize in Physics for their explanation of CP-violation. Upon its discovery, there were efforts to name the bottom quark "beauty", but "bottom" became the predominant name. +The bottom quark was predicted in 1973 by physicists Makoto Kobayashi and Toshihide Maskawa as part of their explanation for CP violation. The name “bottom” was introduced in 1975 by Haim Harari. The bottom quark was discovered in 1977 by the Fermilab E288 experiment team led by Leon M. Lederman, when collisions produced bottomonium. Kobayashi and Maskawa won the 2008 Nobel Prize in Physics for their explanation of CP-violation. Upon its discovery, there were efforts to name the bottom quark “beauty”, but “bottom” became the predominant name.
The description of the detector.
-What are particle detectors?
+-Particle detectors are high-tech devices used to study the interactions of composite and elementary particles. -The detected particles can originate from nuclear decays, cosmic radiation or interactions in a particle accelerator. -Modern detectors, such as those used at the LHC consist of many components, of which many are specialized to detect certain particles or certain particle properties. +Particle detectors can be thought of as high-tech cameras that take “photographs” of phenomena that physicists want to study. These phenomena may originate in nuclear decays, cosmic radiation or interactions in a particle accelerator. Let us take a closer look at detectors such as those used at the LHC, which consist of layers of specialized components each designed to specific particles and identify certain properties.
-The tracker helps us to calculate the momentum of charged particles. They bend due to magnetic field. The smaller the curve radius is, the less momentum the particle had. We also differentiate positive and negative particles based on the direction of the track. @@ -20,7 +18,12 @@ Modern detectors, such as those used at the LHC consist of many components, of w
- The Hadron Calorimeter (HCAL) is used to measure the energy of hadrons, particles made of quarks and gluons. Some examples of them are protons, neutrons and pions. It also helps us detect neutrinos but indirectly. Energy needs to be conserved, so if we observe missing energy, this indicates neutrinos. + The Hadron Calorimeter (HCAL) is used to measure the energy of hadrons, composite particles that made of quarks and gluons. Some examples of hadrons are protons, neutrons and pions. It also helps us detect neutrinos but indirectly. Energy needs to be conserved, so if we observe missing enery, this indicates neutrinos or as-yet-undiscovered particles flew through the detector. +
+ ++ Particle detectors require magnets with very strong magnetic fields in order to sufficiently bend particles flying with high momenta. Trajectories of particles with higher momenta bend less, while those with lower momenta bend a lot more. The magnetic field also helps distinguish between positively and negatively charged particles: they bend in opposite directions in the same magnetic field.