# # Copyright 2014 Quantopian, Inc. # # Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License"); # you may not use this file except in compliance with the License. # You may obtain a copy of the License at # # http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0 # # Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software # distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS, # WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied. # See the License for the specific language governing permissions and # limitations under the License. """ Algorithm Protocol =================== For a class to be passed as a trading algorithm to the :py:class:`zipline.lines.SimulatedTrading` zipline it must follow an implementation protocol. Examples of this algorithm protocol are provided below. The algorithm must expose methods: - initialize: method that takes no args, no returns. Simply called to enable the algorithm to set any internal state needed. - get_sid_filter: method that takes no args, and returns a list of valid sids. List must have a length between 1 and 10. If None is returned the filter will block all events. - handle_data: method that accepts a :py:class:`zipline.protocol.BarData` of the current state of the simulation universe. An example data object: .. This outputs the table as an HTML table but for some reason there is no bounding box. Make the previous paraagraph ending colon a double-colon to turn this back into blockquoted table in ASCII art. +-----------------+--------------+----------------+-------------------+ | | sid(133) | sid(134) | sid(135) | +=================+==============+================+===================+ | price | $10.10 | $22.50 | $13.37 | +-----------------+--------------+----------------+-------------------+ | volume | 10,000 | 5,000 | 50,000 | +-----------------+--------------+----------------+-------------------+ | mvg_avg_30 | $9.97 | $22.61 | $13.37 | +-----------------+--------------+----------------+-------------------+ | dt | 6/30/2012 | 6/30/2011 | 6/29/2012 | +-----------------+--------------+----------------+-------------------+ - set_order: method that accepts a callable. Will be set as the value of the order method of trading_client. An algorithm can then place orders with a valid sid and a number of shares:: self.order(sid(133), share_count) - set_performance: property which can be set equal to the cumulative_trading_performance property of the trading_client. An algorithm can then check position information with the Portfolio object:: self.Portfolio[sid(133)]['cost_basis'] - set_transact_setter: method that accepts a callable. Will be set as the value of the set_transact_setter method of the trading_client. This allows an algorithm to change the slippage model used to predict transactions based on orders and trade events. """ from copy import deepcopy import numpy as np from nose.tools import assert_raises from six.moves import range from six import itervalues from zipline.algorithm import TradingAlgorithm from zipline.api import ( FixedSlippage, order, set_slippage, record, sid, ) from zipline.errors import UnsupportedOrderParameters from zipline.assets import Future, Equity from zipline.finance.execution import ( LimitOrder, MarketOrder, StopLimitOrder, StopOrder, ) from zipline.finance.controls import AssetDateBounds from zipline.transforms import BatchTransform, batch_transform class TestAlgorithm(TradingAlgorithm): """ This algorithm will send a specified number of orders, to allow unit tests to verify the orders sent/received, transactions created, and positions at the close of a simulation. """ def initialize(self, sid, amount, order_count, sid_filter=None, slippage=None, commission=None): self.count = order_count self.asset = self.sid(sid) self.amount = amount self.incr = 0 if sid_filter: self.sid_filter = sid_filter else: self.sid_filter = [self.asset.sid] if slippage is not None: self.set_slippage(slippage) if commission is not None: self.set_commission(commission) def handle_data(self, data): # place an order for amount shares of sid if self.incr < self.count: self.order(self.asset, self.amount) self.incr += 1 class HeavyBuyAlgorithm(TradingAlgorithm): """ This algorithm will send a specified number of orders, to allow unit tests to verify the orders sent/received, transactions created, and positions at the close of a simulation. """ def initialize(self, sid, amount): self.asset = self.sid(sid) self.amount = amount self.incr = 0 def handle_data(self, data): # place an order for 100 shares of sid self.order(self.asset, self.amount) self.incr += 1 class NoopAlgorithm(TradingAlgorithm): """ Dolce fa niente. """ def get_sid_filter(self): return [] def initialize(self): pass def set_transact_setter(self, txn_sim_callable): pass def handle_data(self, data): pass class ExceptionAlgorithm(TradingAlgorithm): """ Throw an exception from the method name specified in the constructor. """ def initialize(self, throw_from, sid): self.throw_from = throw_from self.asset = self.sid(sid) if self.throw_from == "initialize": raise Exception("Algo exception in initialize") else: pass def set_portfolio(self, portfolio): if self.throw_from == "set_portfolio": raise Exception("Algo exception in set_portfolio") else: pass def handle_data(self, data): if self.throw_from == "handle_data": raise Exception("Algo exception in handle_data") else: pass def get_sid_filter(self): if self.throw_from == "get_sid_filter": raise Exception("Algo exception in get_sid_filter") else: return [self.asset] def set_transact_setter(self, txn_sim_callable): pass class DivByZeroAlgorithm(TradingAlgorithm): def initialize(self, sid): self.asset = self.sid(sid) self.incr = 0 def handle_data(self, data): self.incr += 1 if self.incr > 4: 5 / 0 pass class TooMuchProcessingAlgorithm(TradingAlgorithm): def initialize(self, sid): self.asset = self.sid(sid) def handle_data(self, data): # Unless we're running on some sort of # supercomputer this will hit timeout. for i in range(1000000000): self.foo = i class TimeoutAlgorithm(TradingAlgorithm): def initialize(self, sid): self.asset = self.sid(sid) self.incr = 0 def handle_data(self, data): if self.incr > 4: import time time.sleep(100) pass class RecordAlgorithm(TradingAlgorithm): def initialize(self): self.incr = 0 def handle_data(self, data): self.incr += 1 self.record(incr=self.incr) name = 'name' self.record(name, self.incr) record(name, self.incr, 'name2', 2, name3=self.incr) class TestOrderAlgorithm(TradingAlgorithm): def initialize(self): self.incr = 0 def handle_data(self, data): if self.incr == 0: assert 0 not in self.portfolio.positions else: assert self.portfolio.positions[0]['amount'] == \ self.incr, "Orders not filled immediately." assert self.portfolio.positions[0]['last_sale_price'] == \ data[0].price, "Orders not filled at current price." self.incr += 1 self.order(self.sid(0), 1) class TestOrderInstantAlgorithm(TradingAlgorithm): def initialize(self): self.incr = 0 self.last_price = None def handle_data(self, data): if self.incr == 0: assert 0 not in self.portfolio.positions else: assert self.portfolio.positions[0]['amount'] == \ self.incr, "Orders not filled immediately." assert self.portfolio.positions[0]['last_sale_price'] == \ self.last_price, "Orders was not filled at last price." self.incr += 2 self.order_value(self.sid(0), data[0].price * 2.) self.last_price = data[0].price class TestOrderStyleForwardingAlgorithm(TradingAlgorithm): """ Test Algorithm for verifying that ExecutionStyles are properly forwarded by order API helper methods. Pass the name of the method to be tested as a string parameter to this algorithm's constructor. """ def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs): self.method_name = kwargs.pop('method_name') super(TestOrderStyleForwardingAlgorithm, self)\ .__init__(*args, **kwargs) def initialize(self): self.incr = 0 self.last_price = None def handle_data(self, data): if self.incr == 0: assert len(self.portfolio.positions.keys()) == 0 method_to_check = getattr(self, self.method_name) method_to_check(self.sid(0), data[0].price, style=StopLimitOrder(10, 10)) assert len(self.blotter.open_orders[0]) == 1 result = self.blotter.open_orders[0][0] assert result.limit == 10 assert result.stop == 10 self.incr += 1 class TestOrderValueAlgorithm(TradingAlgorithm): def initialize(self): self.incr = 0 self.sale_price = None def handle_data(self, data): if self.incr == 0: assert 0 not in self.portfolio.positions else: assert self.portfolio.positions[0]['amount'] == \ self.incr, "Orders not filled immediately." assert self.portfolio.positions[0]['last_sale_price'] == \ data[0].price, "Orders not filled at current price." self.incr += 2 multiplier = 2. if isinstance(self.sid(0), Future): multiplier *= self.sid(0).contract_multiplier self.order_value(self.sid(0), data[0].price * multiplier) class TestTargetAlgorithm(TradingAlgorithm): def initialize(self): self.target_shares = 0 self.sale_price = None def handle_data(self, data): if self.target_shares == 0: assert 0 not in self.portfolio.positions else: assert self.portfolio.positions[0]['amount'] == \ self.target_shares, "Orders not filled immediately." assert self.portfolio.positions[0]['last_sale_price'] == \ data[0].price, "Orders not filled at current price." self.target_shares = np.random.randint(1, 30) self.order_target(self.sid(0), self.target_shares) class TestOrderPercentAlgorithm(TradingAlgorithm): def initialize(self): self.target_shares = 0 self.sale_price = None def handle_data(self, data): if self.target_shares == 0: assert 0 not in self.portfolio.positions self.order(self.sid(0), 10) self.target_shares = 10 return else: assert self.portfolio.positions[0]['amount'] == \ self.target_shares, "Orders not filled immediately." assert self.portfolio.positions[0]['last_sale_price'] == \ data[0].price, "Orders not filled at current price." self.order_percent(self.sid(0), .001) if isinstance(self.sid(0), Equity): self.target_shares += np.floor( (.001 * self.portfolio.portfolio_value) / data[0].price ) if isinstance(self.sid(0), Future): self.target_shares += np.floor( (.001 * self.portfolio.portfolio_value) / (data[0].price * self.sid(0).contract_multiplier) ) class TestTargetPercentAlgorithm(TradingAlgorithm): def initialize(self): self.target_shares = 0 self.sale_price = None def handle_data(self, data): if self.target_shares == 0: assert 0 not in self.portfolio.positions self.target_shares = 1 else: assert np.round(self.portfolio.portfolio_value * 0.002) == \ self.portfolio.positions[0]['amount'] * self.sale_price, \ "Orders not filled correctly." assert self.portfolio.positions[0]['last_sale_price'] == \ data[0].price, "Orders not filled at current price." self.sale_price = data[0].price self.order_target_percent(self.sid(0), .002) class TestTargetValueAlgorithm(TradingAlgorithm): def initialize(self): self.target_shares = 0 self.sale_price = None def handle_data(self, data): if self.target_shares == 0: assert 0 not in self.portfolio.positions self.order(self.sid(0), 10) self.target_shares = 10 return else: print(self.portfolio) assert self.portfolio.positions[0]['amount'] == \ self.target_shares, "Orders not filled immediately." assert self.portfolio.positions[0]['last_sale_price'] == \ data[0].price, "Orders not filled at current price." self.order_target_value(self.sid(0), 20) self.target_shares = np.round(20 / data[0].price) if isinstance(self.sid(0), Equity): self.target_shares = np.round(20 / data[0].price) if isinstance(self.sid(0), Future): self.target_shares = np.round( 20 / (data[0].price * self.sid(0).contract_multiplier)) ############################ # AccountControl Test Algos# ############################ class SetMaxLeverageAlgorithm(TradingAlgorithm): def initialize(self, max_leverage=None): self.set_max_leverage(max_leverage=max_leverage) ############################ # TradingControl Test Algos# ############################ class SetMaxPositionSizeAlgorithm(TradingAlgorithm): def initialize(self, sid=None, max_shares=None, max_notional=None): self.order_count = 0 self.set_max_position_size(sid=sid, max_shares=max_shares, max_notional=max_notional) class SetMaxOrderSizeAlgorithm(TradingAlgorithm): def initialize(self, sid=None, max_shares=None, max_notional=None): self.order_count = 0 self.set_max_order_size(sid=sid, max_shares=max_shares, max_notional=max_notional) class SetDoNotOrderListAlgorithm(TradingAlgorithm): def initialize(self, sid=None, restricted_list=None): self.order_count = 0 self.set_do_not_order_list(restricted_list) class SetMaxOrderCountAlgorithm(TradingAlgorithm): def initialize(self, count): self.order_count = 0 self.set_max_order_count(count) class SetLongOnlyAlgorithm(TradingAlgorithm): def initialize(self): self.order_count = 0 self.set_long_only() class SetAssetDateBoundsAlgorithm(TradingAlgorithm): """ Algorithm that tries to order 1 share of sid 0 on every bar and has an AssetDateBounds() trading control in place. """ def initialize(self): self.register_trading_control(AssetDateBounds()) def handle_data(algo, data): algo.order(algo.sid(0), 1) class TestRegisterTransformAlgorithm(TradingAlgorithm): def initialize(self, *args, **kwargs): self.set_slippage(FixedSlippage()) def handle_data(self, data): pass class AmbitiousStopLimitAlgorithm(TradingAlgorithm): """ Algorithm that tries to buy with extremely low stops/limits and tries to sell with extremely high versions of same. Should not end up with any positions for reasonable data. """ def initialize(self, *args, **kwargs): self.asset = self.sid(kwargs.pop('sid')) def handle_data(self, data): ######## # Buys # ######## # Buy with low limit, shouldn't trigger. self.order(self.asset, 100, limit_price=1) # But with high stop, shouldn't trigger self.order(self.asset, 100, stop_price=10000000) # Buy with high limit (should trigger) but also high stop (should # prevent trigger). self.order(self.asset, 100, limit_price=10000000, stop_price=10000000) # Buy with low stop (should trigger), but also low limit (should # prevent trigger). self.order(self.asset, 100, limit_price=1, stop_price=1) ######### # Sells # ######### # Sell with high limit, shouldn't trigger. self.order(self.asset, -100, limit_price=1000000) # Sell with low stop, shouldn't trigger. self.order(self.asset, -100, stop_price=1) # Sell with low limit (should trigger), but also high stop (should # prevent trigger). self.order(self.asset, -100, limit_price=1000000, stop_price=1000000) # Sell with low limit (should trigger), but also low stop (should # prevent trigger). self.order(self.asset, -100, limit_price=1, stop_price=1) ################### # Rounding Checks # ################### self.order(self.asset, 100, limit_price=.00000001) self.order(self.asset, -100, stop_price=.00000001) ########################################## # Algorithm using simple batch transforms class ReturnPriceBatchTransform(BatchTransform): def get_value(self, data): assert data.shape[1] == self.window_length, \ "data shape={0} does not equal window_length={1} for data={2}".\ format(data.shape[1], self.window_length, data) return data.price @batch_transform def return_price_batch_decorator(data): return data.price @batch_transform def return_args_batch_decorator(data, *args, **kwargs): return args, kwargs @batch_transform def return_data(data, *args, **kwargs): return data @batch_transform def uses_ufunc(data, *args, **kwargs): # ufuncs like np.log should not crash return np.log(data) @batch_transform def price_multiple(data, multiplier, extra_arg=1): return data.price * multiplier * extra_arg class BatchTransformAlgorithm(TradingAlgorithm): def initialize(self, *args, **kwargs): self.refresh_period = kwargs.pop('refresh_period', 1) self.window_length = kwargs.pop('window_length', 3) self.args = args self.kwargs = kwargs self.history_return_price_class = [] self.history_return_price_decorator = [] self.history_return_args = [] self.history_return_arbitrary_fields = [] self.history_return_nan = [] self.history_return_sid_filter = [] self.history_return_field_filter = [] self.history_return_field_no_filter = [] self.history_return_ticks = [] self.history_return_not_full = [] self.return_price_class = ReturnPriceBatchTransform( refresh_period=self.refresh_period, window_length=self.window_length, clean_nans=False ) self.return_price_decorator = return_price_batch_decorator( refresh_period=self.refresh_period, window_length=self.window_length, clean_nans=False ) self.return_args_batch = return_args_batch_decorator( refresh_period=self.refresh_period, window_length=self.window_length, clean_nans=False ) self.return_arbitrary_fields = return_data( refresh_period=self.refresh_period, window_length=self.window_length, clean_nans=False ) self.return_nan = return_price_batch_decorator( refresh_period=self.refresh_period, window_length=self.window_length, clean_nans=True ) self.return_sid_filter = return_price_batch_decorator( refresh_period=self.refresh_period, window_length=self.window_length, clean_nans=True, sids=[0] ) self.return_field_filter = return_data( refresh_period=self.refresh_period, window_length=self.window_length, clean_nans=True, fields=['price'] ) self.return_field_no_filter = return_data( refresh_period=self.refresh_period, window_length=self.window_length, clean_nans=True ) self.return_not_full = return_data( refresh_period=1, window_length=self.window_length, compute_only_full=False ) self.uses_ufunc = uses_ufunc( refresh_period=self.refresh_period, window_length=self.window_length, clean_nans=False ) self.price_multiple = price_multiple( refresh_period=self.refresh_period, window_length=self.window_length, clean_nans=False ) self.iter = 0 self.set_slippage(FixedSlippage()) def handle_data(self, data): self.history_return_price_class.append( self.return_price_class.handle_data(data)) self.history_return_price_decorator.append( self.return_price_decorator.handle_data(data)) self.history_return_args.append( self.return_args_batch.handle_data( data, *self.args, **self.kwargs)) self.history_return_not_full.append( self.return_not_full.handle_data(data)) self.uses_ufunc.handle_data(data) # check that calling transforms with the same arguments # is idempotent self.price_multiple.handle_data(data, 1, extra_arg=1) if self.price_multiple.full: pre = self.price_multiple.rolling_panel.get_current().shape[0] result1 = self.price_multiple.handle_data(data, 1, extra_arg=1) post = self.price_multiple.rolling_panel.get_current().shape[0] assert pre == post, "batch transform is appending redundant events" result2 = self.price_multiple.handle_data(data, 1, extra_arg=1) assert result1 is result2, "batch transform is not idempotent" # check that calling transform with the same data, but # different supplemental arguments results in new # results. result3 = self.price_multiple.handle_data(data, 2, extra_arg=1) assert result1 is not result3, \ "batch transform is not updating for new args" result4 = self.price_multiple.handle_data(data, 1, extra_arg=2) assert result1 is not result4,\ "batch transform is not updating for new kwargs" new_data = deepcopy(data) for sidint in new_data: new_data[sidint]['arbitrary'] = 123 self.history_return_arbitrary_fields.append( self.return_arbitrary_fields.handle_data(new_data)) # nan every second event price if self.iter % 2 == 0: self.history_return_nan.append( self.return_nan.handle_data(data)) else: nan_data = deepcopy(data) nan_data.price = np.nan self.history_return_nan.append( self.return_nan.handle_data(nan_data)) self.iter += 1 # Add a new sid to check that it does not get included extra_sid_data = deepcopy(data) extra_sid_data[1] = extra_sid_data[0] self.history_return_sid_filter.append( self.return_sid_filter.handle_data(extra_sid_data) ) # Add a field to check that it does not get included extra_field_data = deepcopy(data) extra_field_data[0]['ignore'] = extra_sid_data[0]['price'] self.history_return_field_filter.append( self.return_field_filter.handle_data(extra_field_data) ) self.history_return_field_no_filter.append( self.return_field_no_filter.handle_data(extra_field_data) ) class BatchTransformAlgorithmMinute(TradingAlgorithm): def initialize(self, *args, **kwargs): self.refresh_period = kwargs.pop('refresh_period', 1) self.window_length = kwargs.pop('window_length', 3) self.args = args self.kwargs = kwargs self.history = [] self.batch_transform = return_price_batch_decorator( refresh_period=self.refresh_period, window_length=self.window_length, clean_nans=False, bars='minute' ) def handle_data(self, data): self.history.append(self.batch_transform.handle_data(data)) class SetPortfolioAlgorithm(TradingAlgorithm): """ An algorithm that tries to set the portfolio directly. The portfolio should be treated as a read-only object within the algorithm. """ def initialize(self, *args, **kwargs): pass def handle_data(self, data): self.portfolio = 3 class TALIBAlgorithm(TradingAlgorithm): """ An algorithm that applies a TA-Lib transform. The transform object can be passed at initialization with the 'talib' keyword argument. The results are stored in the talib_results array. """ def initialize(self, *args, **kwargs): if 'talib' not in kwargs: raise KeyError('No TA-LIB transform specified ' '(use keyword \'talib\').') elif not isinstance(kwargs['talib'], (list, tuple)): self.talib_transforms = (kwargs['talib'],) else: self.talib_transforms = kwargs['talib'] self.talib_results = dict((t, []) for t in self.talib_transforms) def handle_data(self, data): for t in self.talib_transforms: result = t.handle_data(data) if result is None: if len(t.talib_fn.output_names) == 1: result = np.nan else: result = (np.nan,) * len(t.talib_fn.output_names) self.talib_results[t].append(result) class EmptyPositionsAlgorithm(TradingAlgorithm): """ An algorithm that ensures that 'phantom' positions do not appear portfolio.positions in the case that a position has been entered and fully exited. """ def initialize(self, *args, **kwargs): self.ordered = False self.exited = False def handle_data(self, data): if not self.ordered: for s in data: self.order(self.sid(s), 100) self.ordered = True if not self.exited: amounts = [pos.amount for pos in itervalues(self.portfolio.positions)] if ( all([(amount == 100) for amount in amounts]) and (len(amounts) == len(data.keys())) ): for stock in self.portfolio.positions: self.order(self.sid(stock), -100) self.exited = True # Should be 0 when all positions are exited. self.record(num_positions=len(self.portfolio.positions)) class InvalidOrderAlgorithm(TradingAlgorithm): """ An algorithm that tries to make various invalid order calls, verifying that appropriate exceptions are raised. """ def initialize(self, *args, **kwargs): self.asset = self.sid(kwargs.pop('sids')[0]) def handle_data(self, data): from zipline.api import ( order_percent, order_target, order_target_percent, order_target_value, order_value, ) for style in [MarketOrder(), LimitOrder(10), StopOrder(10), StopLimitOrder(10, 10)]: with assert_raises(UnsupportedOrderParameters): order(self.asset, 10, limit_price=10, style=style) with assert_raises(UnsupportedOrderParameters): order(self.asset, 10, stop_price=10, style=style) with assert_raises(UnsupportedOrderParameters): order_value(self.asset, 300, limit_price=10, style=style) with assert_raises(UnsupportedOrderParameters): order_value(self.asset, 300, stop_price=10, style=style) with assert_raises(UnsupportedOrderParameters): order_percent(self.asset, .1, limit_price=10, style=style) with assert_raises(UnsupportedOrderParameters): order_percent(self.asset, .1, stop_price=10, style=style) with assert_raises(UnsupportedOrderParameters): order_target(self.asset, 100, limit_price=10, style=style) with assert_raises(UnsupportedOrderParameters): order_target(self.asset, 100, stop_price=10, style=style) with assert_raises(UnsupportedOrderParameters): order_target_value(self.asset, 100, limit_price=10, style=style) with assert_raises(UnsupportedOrderParameters): order_target_value(self.asset, 100, stop_price=10, style=style) with assert_raises(UnsupportedOrderParameters): order_target_percent(self.asset, .2, limit_price=10, style=style) with assert_raises(UnsupportedOrderParameters): order_target_percent(self.asset, .2, stop_price=10, style=style) ############################## # Quantopian style algorithms # Noop algo def initialize_noop(context): pass def handle_data_noop(context, data): pass # API functions def initialize_api(context): context.incr = 0 context.sale_price = None set_slippage(FixedSlippage()) def handle_data_api(context, data): if context.incr == 0: assert 0 not in context.portfolio.positions else: assert context.portfolio.positions[0]['amount'] == \ context.incr, "Orders not filled immediately." assert context.portfolio.positions[0]['last_sale_price'] == \ data[0].price, "Orders not filled at current price." context.incr += 1 order(sid(0), 1) record(incr=context.incr) ########################### # AlgoScripts as strings noop_algo = """ # Noop algo def initialize(context): pass def handle_data(context, data): pass """ api_algo = """ from zipline.api import (order, set_slippage, FixedSlippage, record, sid) def initialize(context): context.incr = 0 context.sale_price = None set_slippage(FixedSlippage()) def handle_data(context, data): if context.incr == 0: assert 0 not in context.portfolio.positions else: assert context.portfolio.positions[0]['amount'] == \ context.incr, "Orders not filled immediately." assert context.portfolio.positions[0]['last_sale_price'] == \ data[0].price, "Orders not filled at current price." context.incr += 1 order(sid(0), 1) record(incr=context.incr) """ api_get_environment_algo = """ from zipline.api import get_environment, order, symbol def initialize(context): context.environment = get_environment() handle_data = lambda context, data: order(symbol('TEST'), 1) """ api_symbol_algo = """ from zipline.api import (order, symbol) def initialize(context): pass def handle_data(context, data): order(symbol('TEST'), 1) """ call_order_in_init = """ from zipline.api import (order) def initialize(context): order(0, 10) pass def handle_data(context, data): pass """ access_portfolio_in_init = """ def initialize(context): var = context.portfolio.cash pass def handle_data(context, data): pass """ access_account_in_init = """ def initialize(context): var = context.account.settled_cash pass def handle_data(context, data): pass """ call_all_order_methods = """ from zipline.api import (order, order_value, order_percent, order_target, order_target_value, order_target_percent, sid) def initialize(context): pass def handle_data(context, data): order(sid(0), 10) order_value(sid(0), 300) order_percent(sid(0), .1) order_target(sid(0), 100) order_target_value(sid(0), 100) order_target_percent(sid(0), .2) """ record_variables = """ from zipline.api import record def initialize(context): context.stocks = [0, 1] context.incr = 0 def handle_data(context, data): context.incr += 1 record(incr=context.incr) """ record_float_magic = """ from zipline.api import record def initialize(context): context.stocks = [0, 1] context.incr = 0 def handle_data(context, data): context.incr += 1 record(data=float('%s')) """