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86 KiB
86 KiB
| 1 | expr | |
|---|---|---|
| 2 | 0 | $E[M_\tau] \ge 1$ |
| 3 | 1 | $\text{VaR}_{0.99}$ |
| 4 | 2 | $1/(24\times 60\times 60) = 0.000011574074074\dots$ |
| 5 | 3 | $\alpha=2$ |
| 6 | 4 | $\kappa_{T_\nu}(y)$ |
| 7 | 5 | $J(1)$ |
| 8 | 6 | $Y_1=X_1 + \dots + X_n$ |
| 9 | 7 | $\mathsf{Pr}(X\in A)=0$ |
| 10 | 8 | $(\Omega,\F,\P)$ |
| 11 | 9 | $\alpha > 2$ |
| 12 | 10 | $\alpha=-\infty$ |
| 13 | 11 | $\mathsf{E}[\mathsf{CP}(\lambda, X)]=\lambda\mathsf{E}[X]$ |
| 14 | 12 | $\beta=\dfrac{c_1-c_2}{c_1+c_2}$ |
| 15 | 13 | $p<0$ |
| 16 | 14 | $0 < \alpha_1=\alpha^{-1} < 1$ |
| 17 | 15 | $N':=kNT$ |
| 18 | 16 | $V_2 = V_1 / 12$ |
| 19 | 17 | $f_n$ |
| 20 | 18 | $\Gamma(S,T)=\{ (S(\omega), T(\omega)\mid \omega\in\Omega \}$ |
| 21 | 19 | $\theta = -1/\mu$ |
| 22 | 20 | $\mathsf{CP}_1(\mu, X)$ |
| 23 | 21 | $p-1=28$ |
| 24 | 22 | $(E,\mathsf{E}E)$ |
| 25 | 23 | $u_i \ge 0$ |
| 26 | 24 | $m_Y(s)=\mathsf E[Y\mid S=s]$ |
| 27 | 25 | $A_t$ |
| 28 | 26 | $0.9999\dots=0.9 \times (1 + 0.1 + 0.001 +\cdots) = 0.9 \times (1 - 0.1)^{-1} =1$ |
| 29 | 27 | $0\le k < 2^m$ |
| 30 | 28 | $2***52 \le f 2^N < 2**53$ |
| 31 | 29 | $D=\sum_{i\in I} D_i$ |
| 32 | 30 | $T(y)$ |
| 33 | 31 | $Z$ |
| 34 | 32 | $1/V(\mu)$ |
| 35 | 33 | $g(s) = s^\alpha$ |
| 36 | 34 | $Mg$ |
| 37 | 35 | $K(t):=\log\mathsf{E}[e^{tY}]=\kappa(t+\theta)-\kappa(\theta)$ |
| 38 | 36 | $R^S=g^{kS}$ |
| 39 | 37 | $\P(B\mid\A)(\cdot)$ |
| 40 | 38 | $ is the MGF of a gamma with shape $ |
| 41 | 39 | $\mathsf{Pr}(X>x)$ |
| 42 | 40 | $\beta=1$ |
| 43 | 41 | $\Gamma\not\in\F\otimes\B$ |
| 44 | 42 | $\theta(\mu)=\arctan(\mu)$ |
| 45 | 43 | $s_0, s_1, s_2$ |
| 46 | 44 | $-3$ |
| 47 | 45 | $N_a$ |
| 48 | 46 | $1+\mu^2-\sqrt{1+\mu^2}$ |
| 49 | 47 | $r_2=$ |
| 50 | 48 | $C > 0$ |
| 51 | 49 | $\int_0^1 xj(x)dx<\infty$ |
| 52 | 50 | $A = \bigcup_{n=1}^{\infty} A_n$ |
| 53 | 51 | $\tilde\Theta_1$ |
| 54 | 52 | $0<b<1$ |
| 55 | 53 | $t<0$ |
| 56 | 54 | $\mathsf{Var}(X_\nu)=\nu\mathsf{Var}(X_1)$ |
| 57 | 55 | $X_T$ |
| 58 | 56 | $\Delta=\{(\omega,\omega) \mid \omega\in\Omega\}$ |
| 59 | 57 | $\log(\mathit{ROL}) = a + b \log(\mathit{EL}) + b X$ |
| 60 | 58 | $\mathsf{E}[r(X)]=\mu$ |
| 61 | 59 | $\mathsf{E}[X\mid T=t]=\mathsf{var}phi(t)$ |
| 62 | 60 | $d=0.13$ |
| 63 | 61 | $v=(1+i)^{-1}$ |
| 64 | 62 | $\sigma(Y)$ |
| 65 | 63 | $26$ |
| 66 | 64 | $x_1\leftrightarrow y_2$ |
| 67 | 65 | $\mathsf{var}phi(t) = P^\omega_t X(\omega) = \mathsf{E}[X\mid T=t]$ |
| 68 | 66 | $\alpha=\frac{2-p}{1-p}$ |
| 69 | 67 | $T=y$ |
| 70 | 68 | $X=X\mid\theta$ |
| 71 | 69 | $\alpha < 0)$ |
| 72 | 70 | $p_\beta$ |
| 73 | 71 | $\P=\mu P_t$ |
| 74 | 72 | $y^*=\min(y)$ |
| 75 | 73 | $F(\omega, x)$ |
| 76 | 74 | $-\log(1-\Phi(x))$ |
| 77 | 75 | $1/\beta$ |
| 78 | 76 | $\mathsf{E}[X\mid T=t]$ |
| 79 | 77 | $A=\bigcup_i A_i$ |
| 80 | 78 | $M_F^+$ |
| 81 | 79 | $X \mapsto X+k$ |
| 82 | 80 | $\xi(A\mid\cdot)$ |
| 83 | 81 | $\omega^n=1$ |
| 84 | 82 | $X,X_1,X_2$ |
| 85 | 83 | $p=1,2$ |
| 86 | 84 | $256$ |
| 87 | 85 | $\forall \omega\in\Omega,\ A\to P(A, \omega)$ |
| 88 | 86 | $PV=kNT$ |
| 89 | 87 | $d(y;\mu)=(y-\mu)^2$ |
| 90 | 88 | $g=2\nu^4/(1-f)+3c+1$ |
| 91 | 89 | $A_i$ |
| 92 | 90 | $P=\alpha +F_1 /a = \alpha + (N'/w - \alpha a)/ a = N'/aw$ |
| 93 | 91 | $\P(B)$ |
| 94 | 92 | $D=\{ (x,y) \mid x=y \}$ |
| 95 | 93 | $n \to \infty$ |
| 96 | 94 | $\mathcal D\subset\F$ |
| 97 | 95 | $\mu=\lambda\alpha/\beta$ |
| 98 | 96 | $\nu=1$ |
| 99 | 97 | $\alpha / \beta$ |
| 100 | 98 | $\{A_i\} \subseteq \mathcal{M}$ |
| 101 | 99 | $0\not\in\Theta_p$ |
| 102 | 100 | $(-1/2,0)$ |
| 103 | 101 | $50 billion of net income, and its return on equity was 5.5%. Statutory insurance companies paid $ |
| 104 | 102 | $\mu^3+2\mu^2+\mu^2\sqrt{\mu^2+2\mu}$ |
| 105 | 103 | $(0,1)$ |
| 106 | 104 | $\epsilon_1$ |
| 107 | 105 | $f_{X_t},f_{T_x}$ |
| 108 | 106 | $T_*=10^7\mathrm K$ |
| 109 | 107 | $M_G(\zeta):=\mathsf{E}(e^{\zeta G})$ |
| 110 | 108 | $(\Omega, \mathcal{F}, P)$ |
| 111 | 109 | $\mu,\nu$ |
| 112 | 110 | $\eta=\bfx\beta$ |
| 113 | 111 | $\nu(dy)=\delta_0(dy)+1_{(0,\infty)}dy$ |
| 114 | 112 | $\mathcal K$ |
| 115 | 113 | $2\times 10^{20}$ |
| 116 | 114 | $f_Y(y)=\nu f_Z(\nu y)$ |
| 117 | 115 | $\phi:(L,\A)\to \mathbb{R}$ |
| 118 | 116 | $X_i\sim X$ |
| 119 | 117 | $D$ |
| 120 | 118 | $(S,\S)$ |
| 121 | 119 | $\alpha>0$ |
| 122 | 120 | $-\alpha < -2$ |
| 123 | 121 | $e^{-\theta x}$ |
| 124 | 122 | $λ^*(N) = 1$ |
| 125 | 123 | $L(\nu)=\sum_{1\le i\le \nu} X_i$ |
| 126 | 124 | $x$ |
| 127 | 125 | $\sigma(\A\otimes\B)$ |
| 128 | 126 | $X_1, \dots, X_n$ |
| 129 | 127 | $\A\otimes \B$ |
| 130 | 128 | $n=\sum_i n_i$ |
| 131 | 129 | $(1-p)(1-\alpha)=(p-1)(\alpha-1)= -1$ |
| 132 | 130 | $x_1+y_1 \le x_2+y_1\le x_2+y_2$ |
| 133 | 131 | $\mu^t P^x_t f(x,t)$ |
| 134 | 132 | $\alpha$ |
| 135 | 133 | $\nu(M\setminus f(L))=0$ |
| 136 | 134 | $X_1$ |
| 137 | 135 | $j(x)=\alpha x^{-\alpha-1}$ |
| 138 | 136 | $\sigma=0$ |
| 139 | 137 | $\sum_i a_i=a$ |
| 140 | 138 | $\beta$ |
| 141 | 139 | $g(T(X)\mid \lambda)$ |
| 142 | 140 | $y\theta-\kappa(\theta)$ |
| 143 | 141 | $N:=(1-\alpha)M$ |
| 144 | 142 | $\tau(\theta)=\mu$ |
| 145 | 143 | $\nu=f\mu$ |
| 146 | 144 | $r \approx 1.496 \times 10^{11} \ \text{m}$ |
| 147 | 145 | $\kappa_X(\theta)=\lambda(e^\theta-1)$ |
| 148 | 146 | $m\to\infty$ |
| 149 | 147 | $\int X_n=1$ |
| 150 | 148 | $\psi=1_{A\times B}$ |
| 151 | 149 | $(3) \rightarrow (9 = 9) \rightarrow (27 = 4) \rightarrow (12 = 12) \rightarrow (36 = 13) \rightarrow (39 = 16) \rightarrow (48 = 2) \rightarrow (6 = 6) \rightarrow (18 = 18) \rightarrow (54 = 8) \rightarrow (24 = 1)$ |
| 152 | 150 | $\mu=19.005$ |
| 153 | 151 | $\mathsf E[XY] \not=\mathsf E[X]\mathsf E[Y]$ |
| 154 | 152 | $p=0.831588$ |
| 155 | 153 | $\forall X\exists U[\forall Y\forall x(x\in Y \wedge Y \in X)\rightarrow x\in U]$ |
| 156 | 154 | $\theta=\log(\mu/(n-\mu))$ |
| 157 | 155 | $1_A:\Omega\to\{0,1\}$ |
| 158 | 156 | $Q=T\P$ |
| 159 | 157 | $\sup$ |
| 160 | 158 | $\text{ш}$ |
| 161 | 159 | $X=x$ |
| 162 | 160 | $100 - 10^5$ |
| 163 | 161 | $c(y)e^{\theta y}$ |
| 164 | 162 | $dy/y = kdx / kx=dx/x$ |
| 165 | 163 | $\displaystyle\int_{T^{-1}(B)} X \,d\P$ |
| 166 | 164 | $c_1 + c_2 >0$ |
| 167 | 165 | $x\le 0$ |
| 168 | 166 | $\G\subset \F$ |
| 169 | 167 | $a=5$ |
| 170 | 168 | $[0,0] \succeq [\epsilon, \epsilon]$ |
| 171 | 169 | $Y_t=X_1+\cdots + X_{N(t)}$ |
| 172 | 170 | $\mathsf{E}[X\mid\G](ω)=\mathsf{E}[X]$ |
| 173 | 171 | $\kappa(\theta)=e^\theta$ |
| 174 | 172 | $178.7 billion of expenses. Commissions and brokerage accounted for 25.1 percent and claim adjustment services for 13.5 percent of the total. Taxes licenses and fees were 6.3 percent. However, their remaining expense items are broken out by expense category, such as employee salaries and benefits or advertising, rather than insurer value-add function. They also reported a cost of capital of 13 percent, applied to equity capital of $ |
| 175 | 173 | $\mathsf{E}[\mathsf{E}[X\mid \G_1]\mid \G_2]=\mathsf{E}[X\mid \G_1]$ |
| 176 | 174 | $\kappa'(\theta)=\tau(\theta)=\mu$ |
| 177 | 175 | $d>2$ |
| 178 | 176 | $X\mid\theta$ |
| 179 | 177 | $n_i$ |
| 180 | 178 | $(X_n)_{n \geq 1}$ |
| 181 | 179 | $\kappa(s)=\log\mathsf{E}[e^{sX_1}]$ |
| 182 | 180 | $\{ \omega \mid \P(B\mid\G)(\omega) < 0 \}\in\G$ |
| 183 | 181 | $3000$ |
| 184 | 182 | $P(A, ω) = 1_A(ω)$ |
| 185 | 183 | $(0,t_1]$ |
| 186 | 184 | $f_0\in L^1(\mathbb R)$ |
| 187 | 185 | $E\setminus F\in R$ |
| 188 | 186 | $L(e,t)\sim D(et, \phi)$ |
| 189 | 187 | $X_j$ |
| 190 | 188 | $\psi=1_\Gamma(S,T)$ |
| 191 | 189 | $\forall A\in\F$ |
| 192 | 190 | $\tau(\theta)$ |
| 193 | 191 | $D_i^n$ |
| 194 | 192 | $1 \times 10^{24}$ |
| 195 | 193 | $V(\mu)=\mu^p$ |
| 196 | 194 | $p \in G$ |
| 197 | 195 | $L_X(s)/L_Y(s)\to\infty$ |
| 198 | 196 | $\BB(S)$ |
| 199 | 197 | $c^{p-2}\to\infty$ |
| 200 | 198 | $1+x^2$ |
| 201 | 199 | $\mu_x = -d\log({{}_tp_x})/dt = \lim_{t\downarrow 0} {}_tq_x/t$ |
| 202 | 200 | $V(m)\sim c_0m^p$ |
| 203 | 201 | $a(h_1+h_2)\le 2aw$ |
| 204 | 202 | $A_n$ |
| 205 | 203 | $j(x)\propto x^{-3/2}e^{-\beta x}$ |
| 206 | 204 | $B\in\B$ |
| 207 | 205 | $V(\mu)\propto \mu$ |
| 208 | 206 | $\P(A)=0$ |
| 209 | 207 | $p:\Omega\times\F\to [0,1]$ |
| 210 | 208 | $\theta\in\Theta$ |
| 211 | 209 | $1/\sqrt{\alpha}\to 0$ |
| 212 | 210 | $I_x$ |
| 213 | 211 | $\Omega=[0,1]$ |
| 214 | 212 | $\xi(\cdot\mid t)$ |
| 215 | 213 | $V_T(m)= m^3V_X(1/m)=m^2$ |
| 216 | 214 | $\iota\lambda$ |
| 217 | 215 | $[P,2P)$ |
| 218 | 216 | $\rho E/(1-\tau) - rA$ |
| 219 | 217 | $\mathsf{E}[X\mid Y=y]$ |
| 220 | 218 | $A=\bigcup A_{ij}$ |
| 221 | 219 | $N_t = 0$ |
| 222 | 220 | $|\hat f|$ |
| 223 | 221 | $a^*=q(p^*)$ |
| 224 | 222 | $\mathrm{Tw}_{3-p}(\mu, \sigma^2)$ |
| 225 | 223 | $X_1=aX$ |
| 226 | 224 | $0.45 \times 8.6 = 3.9$ |
| 227 | 225 | $\mathbb{P}(A) < \delta$ |
| 228 | 226 | $t\mapsto e^{-2\pi it}$ |
| 229 | 227 | $9.81 \, \text{m/s}^2$ |
| 230 | 228 | $(x+t)\Gamma(x+t)=\Gamma(x+t+1)$ |
| 231 | 229 | $\hat \theta_s$ |
| 232 | 230 | $W'\subset\mathcal W$ |
| 233 | 231 | $m=m_1/a$ |
| 234 | 232 | $P=nb$ |
| 235 | 233 | $N_t$ |
| 236 | 234 | $T_*\propto |v|^2\propto GM/R$ |
| 237 | 235 | $\kappa(\theta)=\theta-\theta\log(-\theta)$ |
| 238 | 236 | $1,2,\dots$ |
| 239 | 237 | $m\to 0$ |
| 240 | 238 | $\int c(y)dy=\infty$ |
| 241 | 239 | $\lim_{\mu\to 0} V(\mu)=0$ |
| 242 | 240 | $\mu^3\sigma^2$ |
| 243 | 241 | $kS=m+Ra$ |
| 244 | 242 | $\mathsf E[XY]\not=\mathsf E[X]\mathsf E[Y]$ |
| 245 | 243 | $\P\vert_\F = λ$ |
| 246 | 244 | $(-\infty, 0)$ |
| 247 | 245 | $x_{\min{}}=9750$ |
| 248 | 246 | $\hat\theta_s>0.5$ |
| 249 | 247 | $S=T=$ |
| 250 | 248 | $\mathcal{C} = \{ A \in \Sigma : \mu(A) = \nu(A) \}$ |
| 251 | 249 | $N_t = 1$ |
| 252 | 250 | $\C$ |
| 253 | 251 | $0.03$ |
| 254 | 252 | $\BB(S)\otimes \A$ |
| 255 | 253 | $L^\infty$ |
| 256 | 254 | $\kappa$ |
| 257 | 255 | $\mathsf{CP}_1$ |
| 258 | 256 | $(1-{}_b\bar V)$ |
| 259 | 257 | $a\theta^2=c$ |
| 260 | 258 | $32$ |
| 261 | 259 | $1/\sqrt{\lambda}$ |
| 262 | 260 | $p(t, B)=\P(S\in B\mid T):E\times \S\to [0,1]$ |
| 263 | 261 | $\forall A\forall p[\forall x\in A\exists !y\phi(x, y, p)\rightarrow\exists Y\forall x\in A\exists y\in Y\phi(x, y,p)]$ |
| 264 | 262 | $a(w+h_2)$ |
| 265 | 263 | $(2, 3)$ |
| 266 | 264 | $, apply the advanced form of the Lagrange Inversion Formula\footnote{$ |
| 267 | 265 | $p=23$ |
| 268 | 266 | $\lambda = \P \times \Q$ |
| 269 | 267 | $\forall B\in\G$ |
| 270 | 268 | $\bar a_x$ |
| 271 | 269 | $-l, -l+1, \dots, 0, \dots, l-1, l$ |
| 272 | 270 | $a=1/c$ |
| 273 | 271 | $(\Omega, \F)$ |
| 274 | 272 | $\min(\alpha_X, \alpha_Y) >2$ |
| 275 | 273 | $\inf\,\Omega=0$ |
| 276 | 274 | $\frac{1}{2}$ |
| 277 | 275 | $2\lim_{\mu\to 0} V(\mu)/\mu^2=\lim_{\mu\to 0}V''(\mu)$ |
| 278 | 276 | $\lim_{\theta\uparrow 0} -\theta\log(-\theta) =0$ |
| 279 | 277 | $\mathsf{SD}(G')=\nu$ |
| 280 | 278 | $g\ge 0$ |
| 281 | 279 | $\P(A\mid\G) = \mathsf{E}[1_A\mid\G]$ |
| 282 | 280 | $l/P$ |
| 283 | 281 | $Y_t\to 0$ |
| 284 | 282 | $x/(1+x^2)$ |
| 285 | 283 | $P:\F\times\Omega\to[0,1]$ |
| 286 | 284 | $Z=0$ |
| 287 | 285 | $P(\cdot | \mathcal{G})(\omega)$ |
| 288 | 286 | $\mu^3$ |
| 289 | 287 | $p\neq 1,2$ |
| 290 | 288 | $\mathsf{Var}(s) =\mathsf{E}[s^2]$ |
| 291 | 289 | $|x_i-x_j|<1/k$ |
| 292 | 290 | $\kappa=0$ |
| 293 | 291 | $t=m/n$ |
| 294 | 292 | $X_t = X_0 e^{(\mu - \frac{1}{2} \sigma^2)t + \sigma W_t}$ |
| 295 | 293 | $10^2 - 10^4$ |
| 296 | 294 | $f\in L^1(\mathbb R)$ |
| 297 | 295 | $\omega\not=\omega'$ |
| 298 | 296 | $l(t)$ |
| 299 | 297 | $r$ |
| 300 | 298 | $\mathsf{E}[T]$ |
| 301 | 299 | $\mathsf{E}[D_t \mid \F_{t-1}] \geq 0$ |
| 302 | 300 | $10^{-6} - 10^{-3}$ |
| 303 | 301 | $\tau(\tau^{-1}(\mu))=\mu$ |
| 304 | 302 | $P = 53.565 = v EL + d \max(L) = 46.6 / 1.15 + (0.15 / 1.15) \times 100$ |
| 305 | 303 | $\omega\mapsto \P(X\in B\mid \G)(\omega)$ |
| 306 | 304 | $\mathsf p=(p_0,\dots,p_{n-1})$ |
| 307 | 305 | $\exp(a\arcsin(z))=\sum_n \frac{p_n(a)}{n!}z^n$ |
| 308 | 306 | $\xi:\A\times M\to \mathbb{R}$ |
| 309 | 307 | $A_{x+b}$ |
| 310 | 308 | $\partial d/\partial\mu=-2(y-\mu)$ |
| 311 | 309 | $X_t - X_{t-1}$ |
| 312 | 310 | $1 <\alpha < 2$ |
| 313 | 311 | $1/n$ |
| 314 | 312 | $\omega^l=(\omega^n)^j=1$ |
| 315 | 313 | $8.617 \times 10^{27}$ |
| 316 | 314 | $A_x\cap A_y\not=\emptyset$ |
| 317 | 315 | $E\cap U_0=E$ |
| 318 | 316 | $(\omega^{ij})_{i,j}$ |
| 319 | 317 | $N(t)$ |
| 320 | 318 | $Y_t=t-N_t$ |
| 321 | 319 | $0<a<1$ |
| 322 | 320 | $\mathsf E[X] =\displaystyle\int_\Omega S(x)dx$ |
| 323 | 321 | $\lim_{n \to \infty} E[|X_n - X_\infty|] = 0$ |
| 324 | 322 | $\lambda e^{-\lambda}$ |
| 325 | 323 | $\not=$ |
| 326 | 324 | $X_{n \wedge \tau}$ |
| 327 | 325 | $N_t - A_t$ |
| 328 | 326 | $X_i\ge 0$ |
| 329 | 327 | $T_*$ |
| 330 | 328 | $N\times d$ |
| 331 | 329 | $a>0$ |
| 332 | 330 | $2^{402653211}$ |
| 333 | 331 | $\P(A\mid\G)_{\omega_0}\ge 0$ |
| 334 | 332 | $P=\mathrm{EL} + r\,Q$ |
| 335 | 333 | $\Omega\times \Omega$ |
| 336 | 334 | $ Integration by parts shows $ |
| 337 | 335 | $h > 0$ |
| 338 | 336 | $X+Y$ |
| 339 | 337 | $767 billion of capital, part of $ |
| 340 | 338 | $\mathsf{E}[X\mid\theta]$ |
| 341 | 339 | $\alpha_X > \alpha_Y + 2$ |
| 342 | 340 | $[0; -k]$ |
| 343 | 341 | $X \mapsto X + a$ |
| 344 | 342 | $8.75=10.5 / 1.2$ |
| 345 | 343 | $\epsilon_t$ |
| 346 | 344 | $\mathsf P(G)$ |
| 347 | 345 | $m_p$ |
| 348 | 346 | $g(X_n)=1$ |
| 349 | 347 | $1/b$ |
| 350 | 348 | $\rho(X) =\mathsf{TVaR}_p(X)$ |
| 351 | 349 | $a\,\mathsf{E}\left[\dfrac{X_1}{X}\mid X\ge a \right]$ |
| 352 | 350 | $\mathbb{R}^2$ |
| 353 | 351 | $10^0$ |
| 354 | 352 | $l(y;\mu)=y\log(\mu) + (1-y)\log(1-\mu)$ |
| 355 | 353 | $1/2$ |
| 356 | 354 | $\mathsf{E}[X \mid X > q(p)]$ |
| 357 | 355 | $\bar a_{x:n\!\urcorner}$ |
| 358 | 356 | $p_s$ |
| 359 | 357 | $6.022\times 10^{23}$ |
| 360 | 358 | $y\in\Omega$ |
| 361 | 359 | $f_{X+Y}$ |
| 362 | 360 | $\phi(s)=\mathsf{E}[e^{isY}]$ |
| 363 | 361 | $A=E\cup P$ |
| 364 | 362 | $\mathsf{Pr}(\omega)$ |
| 365 | 363 | $\mathbb R$ |
| 366 | 364 | $(F((k-1/2)b)-F((k+1/2)b)) / b$ |
| 367 | 365 | $ which is an extreme stable with Lévy distribution $ |
| 368 | 366 | $[0,1]$ |
| 369 | 367 | $10^{32}$ |
| 370 | 368 | $\\sigma=2.58$ |
| 371 | 369 | $\mathsf{TVaR}(X)=q(p)=100.0$ |
| 372 | 370 | $f(t)=\overline{f(-t)}$ |
| 373 | 371 | $Pa=kg /ms^2=N/m^2$ |
| 374 | 372 | $\delta > 0$ |
| 375 | 373 | $Y_s$ |
| 376 | 374 | $\alpha_1$ |
| 377 | 375 | $g, g^2, \dots,g^{q-1}, g^q\equiv 1$ |
| 378 | 376 | $\log(2)$ |
| 379 | 377 | $(\sum_i \nu_i)(\kappa(t+\theta) - \kappa(\theta))$ |
| 380 | 378 | $E[Y_N]\le 0$ |
| 381 | 379 | $\int_0^{100} g(S(x))\,dx$ |
| 382 | 380 | $Y(ω)=\mathsf{E}[X\mid\G](ω)$ |
| 383 | 381 | $h(X) = \prod_{i=1}^{n} \frac{1}{x_i!}$ |
| 384 | 382 | $ which is an $ |
| 385 | 383 | $\mathcal{G} \subseteq \mathcal{F}$ |
| 386 | 384 | $\mathsf{E}(G)=1$ |
| 387 | 385 | $E\cup F\in R$ |
| 388 | 386 | $\mathbf{v}$ |
| 389 | 387 | $A_{ij}=\{\omega\mid F_{r_j}(\omega) < F_{r_i}(\omega) \}$ |
| 390 | 388 | $[0, \infty)$ |
| 391 | 389 | $A \subset \mathbb{R}$ |
| 392 | 390 | $p_s=\Phi((\hat\theta_s-0.5)/\hat\sigma_s)>0.5$ |
| 393 | 391 | $d=rv$ |
| 394 | 392 | $X\sim$ |
| 395 | 393 | $\mu = \nu$ |
| 396 | 394 | $602.6 billion and converted to net premium based on $ |
| 397 | 395 | $M_X(t)^n$ |
| 398 | 396 | $F^{\times}_{23}$ |
| 399 | 397 | $S(x) = x\cup \{x\}$ |
| 400 | 398 | $n\times 1$ |
| 401 | 399 | $S:(L,\A)\to ??$ |
| 402 | 400 | $\frac{1}{2}kT$ |
| 403 | 401 | $1 \times 10^{20}$ |
| 404 | 402 | $\Q$ |
| 405 | 403 | $\forall x$ |
| 406 | 404 | $13$ |
| 407 | 405 | $\mathsf{E}[X \mid X > q(p^*)]=103.333$ |
| 408 | 406 | $A \in \mathcal{M}$ |
| 409 | 407 | $(T\lambda)\{\lambda_t\Omega=\infty\}=0$ |
| 410 | 408 | $\int_0^1 j(x)\,dx<\infty$ |
| 411 | 409 | $2^9=512$ |
| 412 | 410 | $1_{(0,1)}$ |
| 413 | 411 | $\mu < \frac{1}{2} \sigma^2$ |
| 414 | 412 | $\exists \mu$ |
| 415 | 413 | $p_k$ |
| 416 | 414 | $Y_1$ |
| 417 | 415 | $d^*$ |
| 418 | 416 | $\pi$ |
| 419 | 417 | $P^T_S(\cdot\mid\cdot):\A\times M\to\mathbb{R}$ |
| 420 | 418 | $m_s$ |
| 421 | 419 | $y^*-x^* \ge \epsilon$ |
| 422 | 420 | $0<z<1$ |
| 423 | 421 | $x^{a-1}e^{x/\theta}$ |
| 424 | 422 | $X_S$ |
| 425 | 423 | $A=g^a\mod p$ |
| 426 | 424 | $\alpha aw$ |
| 427 | 425 | $p^*\le p$ |
| 428 | 426 | $(\bar\alpha+1)/\bar\alpha=1/(2-p)$ |
| 429 | 427 | $\F\otimes\B$ |
| 430 | 428 | $A\subset Y$ |
| 431 | 429 | $m_Y(·)$ |
| 432 | 430 | $R \propto M^{0.8}$ |
| 433 | 431 | $V$ |
| 434 | 432 | $\sum_{i\in I}(D_i-N_I)$ |
| 435 | 433 | $E_0$ |
| 436 | 434 | $1 \times 10^{13}$ |
| 437 | 435 | $p\downarrow 1$ |
| 438 | 436 | $\A_y \supset \A$ |
| 439 | 437 | $\mathsf{E}S(X)=q(p)$ |
| 440 | 438 | $f_1$ |
| 441 | 439 | $\beta \ge 1$ |
| 442 | 440 | $\mathit{EER}$ |
| 443 | 441 | $N B_1 ∪ N^c B_2$ |
| 444 | 442 | $\alpha(p)$ |
| 445 | 443 | $Z_i\sim \mathrm{DM}^*(\theta, \nu_i)$ |
| 446 | 444 | $B=g^k\pmod p$ |
| 447 | 445 | $v = 1/(1+r)$ |
| 448 | 446 | $23$ |
| 449 | 447 | $\P(A\cap B)$ |
| 450 | 448 | $s(x;\mu)=(x-\mu)/\sigma^2$ |
| 451 | 449 | $10^8$ |
| 452 | 450 | $(R,S)$ |
| 453 | 451 | $X_\infty$ |
| 454 | 452 | $\lambda=1/\sigma^2$ |
| 455 | 453 | $\text{VaR}_{\alpha}(X_j)$ |
| 456 | 454 | $\Omega\to\mathbb{R}$ |
| 457 | 455 | $i=1,\dots, n$ |
| 458 | 456 | $\mathsf{Q}\sim \mathsf{P}$ |
| 459 | 457 | $\nu Z_1$ |
| 460 | 458 | $\gamma>0$ |
| 461 | 459 | $k=1.333$ |
| 462 | 460 | $2.35 \times 10^{-4}$ |
| 463 | 461 | $[\P]$ |
| 464 | 462 | $p<\infty$ |
| 465 | 463 | $m / s^2$ |
| 466 | 464 | $\{ a_n\}$ |
| 467 | 465 | $\mu=-1-\dfrac{1}{\theta}$ |
| 468 | 466 | $\displaystyle\int_{T^{-1}(B)} \mathsf{E}[X\mid T]\,d\P$ |
| 469 | 467 | $1/P$ |
| 470 | 468 | $g(t)=h(t) / (1+l(t)) > 0$ |
| 471 | 469 | $\omega\in\Omega$ |
| 472 | 470 | $\nu\otimes P$ |
| 473 | 471 | $\displaystyle\int_B \mathsf{E}[X\mid\G]\,d\P$ |
| 474 | 472 | $T^{-1}(A)$ |
| 475 | 473 | $(\mu)$ |
| 476 | 474 | $\mathsf E[X] =\displaystyle\int_0^\infty xf(x)\,dx = \displaystyle\int_0^\infty S(x)\,dx$ |
| 477 | 475 | $\mathsf{Pr}(L'= l)$ |
| 478 | 476 | $\kappa'(\theta)>0$ |
| 479 | 477 | $\mathsf{E}[e^{sX_{m/n}}]=\mathsf{E}[e^{sX_{1}}]^{m/n}$ |
| 480 | 478 | $\ge \mathsf{VaR}$ |
| 481 | 479 | $y$ |
| 482 | 480 | $_1F_1$ |
| 483 | 481 | $\mathrm{ED}^*(\theta, \lambda)/\lambda$ |
| 484 | 482 | $b=1/1.2=0.83$ |
| 485 | 483 | $\sum_x x q_x$ |
| 486 | 484 | $a\theta=1$ |
| 487 | 485 | $F(\omega, \cdot)$ |
| 488 | 486 | $a\in(0,2)$ |
| 489 | 487 | $\mathcal{A} \subseteq \mathcal{C}$ |
| 490 | 488 | $P(A, \F)$ |
| 491 | 489 | $0\in\Theta$ |
| 492 | 490 | $|\hat F(f)|$ |
| 493 | 491 | $\int_B \P(\bigcup_i A_i\mid\G)\,d\P$ |
| 494 | 492 | $d$ |
| 495 | 493 | $x_i+y_j$ |
| 496 | 494 | $\sigma^2=1 / \lambda$ |
| 497 | 495 | $v^b{}_bq_x(1-{}_b\bar V)$ |
| 498 | 496 | $x\le 1$ |
| 499 | 497 | $X\P=\P(X^{-1}(\cdot)))$ |
| 500 | 498 | $\forall E\in\A,\ \forall F\in \B$ |
| 501 | 499 | $\lim_{\mu\to 0}V'(\mu)=\delta$ |
| 502 | 500 | $m=(K^{-1}Km)$ |
| 503 | 501 | $l(y;\mu)=y\theta(\mu)-\kappa(\theta(\mu))$ |
| 504 | 502 | $Z(\omega)$ |
| 505 | 503 | $B_s$ |
| 506 | 504 | $p > 1$ |
| 507 | 505 | ${\lambda\alpha}/{\beta}$ |
| 508 | 506 | $\mathsf{E}[Y]=\mathsf{E}[N]\mathsf{E}[X]$ |
| 509 | 507 | $B=2\mathbb Z + \xi\mathbb Z$ |
| 510 | 508 | $p_\alpha\in B\cap F_\alpha$ |
| 511 | 509 | $X_S\ge \mathsf{E}[X_T\mid \F_S]$ |
| 512 | 510 | $\le x$ |
| 513 | 511 | $\sqrt{g d}$ |
| 514 | 512 | $K_\theta$ |
| 515 | 513 | $4\times$ |
| 516 | 514 | $B=M$ |
| 517 | 515 | $-stable distribution with Lévy density $ |
| 518 | 516 | $r_1 = 1643984129.762957 \approx 1,643,984,129.8$ |
| 519 | 517 | $\sup_n E[|X_n|]<\infty$ |
| 520 | 518 | $q=11$ |
| 521 | 519 | $\sigma_T$ |
| 522 | 520 | $\sigma=0.5$ |
| 523 | 521 | $P^T(T\not=t\mid t)=0$ |
| 524 | 522 | $(Mg+\alpha a)w$ |
| 525 | 523 | $\partial l/\partial \beta_i=0$ |
| 526 | 524 | $\px=\P(B\cap A)$ |
| 527 | 525 | $3.2 \times 10^{15}$ |
| 528 | 526 | $f=1/b$ |
| 529 | 527 | $255$ |
| 530 | 528 | $I=[0, 32]$ |
| 531 | 529 | $\mathrm{Ga}(\mu, \sigma^2)$ |
| 532 | 530 | $\nu(dy)=(e^{2y}-1)dy$ |
| 533 | 531 | $g^a\equiv n\pmod{p}$ |
| 534 | 532 | $(3,\infty)$ |
| 535 | 533 | $F_\alpha - \bigcup_{\beta<\alpha} \{p_\beta, q_\beta\}$ |
| 536 | 534 | $X_t\ge \mathsf{E}[Y\mid \F_t]$ |
| 537 | 535 | $U_0$ |
| 538 | 536 | $\forall a\forall b\exists x[a\in x \wedge b\in x]$ |
| 539 | 537 | $-\gamma|\theta|^\alpha$ |
| 540 | 538 | $\mathsf{E}[X_\theta]=\infty$ |
| 541 | 539 | $10^3 - 10^{-1}$ |
| 542 | 540 | $[0, 1]$ |
| 543 | 541 | $\alpha > 1$ |
| 544 | 542 | $\G=\sigma(Y)$ |
| 545 | 543 | $f_0$ |
| 546 | 544 | $X_1=0$ |
| 547 | 545 | $v_i$ |
| 548 | 546 | $K_{k+X}(t)=kt+K_X(t)$ |
| 549 | 547 | $\exists x[\forall z(z=\emptyset)\rightarrow z\in x \wedge \forall x\in x\forall z(z=S(x)\rightarrow z\in x)]$ |
| 550 | 548 | $\mathsf P$ |
| 551 | 549 | $d(y\mu) > 0$ |
| 552 | 550 | $\mathsf{E}[X \mid \G]$ |
| 553 | 551 | $\sum_ x x\mathrm{Po}(j(x)dx)$ |
| 554 | 552 | $\Gamma\in\G$ |
| 555 | 553 | $R=g^k\pmod p$ |
| 556 | 554 | $e[d_t d_s] = e[d_t]e[d_s]$ |
| 557 | 555 | $Z=\sum Z_i$ |
| 558 | 556 | $\Delta$ |
| 559 | 557 | $e(f, y)$ |
| 560 | 558 | $n$ |
| 561 | 559 | $\mathrm{St}(\alpha, \beta, 1, 0)=\mathrm{St}(\alpha, \beta)$ |
| 562 | 560 | $H(x)$ |
| 563 | 561 | $T_x=\inf\{ t > 0 \mid X_t\ge x\}$ |
| 564 | 562 | $F_n(x) := 1 - J_n(x)/J_n(0)$ |
| 565 | 563 | $-\kappa_T(y)$ |
| 566 | 564 | $r'=0$ |
| 567 | 565 | $1_G(\omega)$ |
| 568 | 566 | $(\Omega, \mathcal{F}, \mathbb{P}, \{\mathcal{F}_t\}_{t \geq 0})$ |
| 569 | 567 | $\alpha/\beta^2$ |
| 570 | 568 | ${x}\times A\subset [0,1]^2$ |
| 571 | 569 | $\mathsf v = (\hat F(t_l))_l$ |
| 572 | 570 | $\theta=f(\mu)$ |
| 573 | 571 | $\kappa(\theta)=-\alpha\log(-\theta)$ |
| 574 | 572 | $C=[0,\infty)$ |
| 575 | 573 | $\\alpha=0$ |
| 576 | 574 | $\frac{1}{2}mv^2$ |
| 577 | 575 | $u = 1-e-l-r^*$ |
| 578 | 576 | $10^{17}$ |
| 579 | 577 | $\Omega=C^\circ$ |
| 580 | 578 | $g_n = \max \{f_1,\dots,f_n\}$ |
| 581 | 579 | $\Lambda_{a,b}$ |
| 582 | 580 | $\P^x f(x, Tx) = \mu^tP^x_t\,f(x,t)$ |
| 583 | 581 | $\forall X\exists P\forall z[z\subset X\rightarrow z\in P]$ |
| 584 | 582 | $x_{\min{}}$ |
| 585 | 583 | $X_1, X_2, \ldots, X_n$ |
| 586 | 584 | $i^{-a}=e^{-a\log i}=e^{-ia\pi/2}$ |
| 587 | 585 | $\forall A\in\A$ |
| 588 | 586 | $y_1,\dots, y_n$ |
| 589 | 587 | $4 \times 10^{-7} - 10^{-8}$ |
| 590 | 588 | $Ca_3Al_2(SiO_4)_3$ |
| 591 | 589 | $\kappa_X(\theta)=\log\mathsf{E}[e^{\theta X_t}]=\log\mathsf{E}[e^{\theta\sigma B_t + ct\theta}]=t(c\theta+ \sigma^2\theta^2/2)$ |
| 592 | 590 | $\sigma^2\mu^p$ |
| 593 | 591 | $Q$ |
| 594 | 592 | $n-1$ |
| 595 | 593 | $-1$ |
| 596 | 594 | $c^*(y):=e^{l(y;y)}=c(y)e^{y\tau^{-1}(y)-\kappa(\tau^{-1}(y))}$ |
| 597 | 595 | $(\omega^l)^n = (\omega^n)^{l} = 1$ |
| 598 | 596 | $J(x)/J(0)$ |
| 599 | 597 | $D∪ C^c$ |
| 600 | 598 | $CV(L(1))/\sqrt{\nu}$ |
| 601 | 599 | $X_1=99$ |
| 602 | 600 | $2^\lambda < \kappa$ |
| 603 | 601 | $1+1/3+1/5+\cdots$ |
| 604 | 602 | $dt$ |
| 605 | 603 | $\int_\Omega f_0\,d\mu=\alpha$ |
| 606 | 604 | $tE[\text{jumps}]$ |
| 607 | 605 | $(X,\A)$ |
| 608 | 606 | $\lambda\to (\alpha+1)/\alpha$ |
| 609 | 607 | $\nu(dx)$ |
| 610 | 608 | $0.5$ |
| 611 | 609 | $e^{-\beta s}s^{-1}\approx s^{-1}$ |
| 612 | 610 | $b\in[-1,1]$ |
| 613 | 611 | $X=X^+-X^-$ |
| 614 | 612 | $S=\{0,1,2,\dots\}$ |
| 615 | 613 | $x_i-x_j$ |
| 616 | 614 | $1.5\times 10^{37}$ |
| 617 | 615 | $\alpha(t) = t$ |
| 618 | 616 | $M[G]$ |
| 619 | 617 | $R^*$ |
| 620 | 618 | $\lambda^2\sigma=\lambda$ |
| 621 | 619 | $c(y)e^{y\theta - \kappa(\theta)}$ |
| 622 | 620 | $a,b$ |
| 623 | 621 | $d(y;\mu)=|y-\mu|$ |
| 624 | 622 | $f(s,t)=\lim_n f_n(s,t)$ |
| 625 | 623 | $D(E)$ |
| 626 | 624 | $0 \leq s < t$ |
| 627 | 625 | $P(Z\cap \Gamma) = \frac{1}{2}\mu(\Gamma) = P(Z)P(\Gamma)$ |
| 628 | 626 | $(-a)\Gamma(-a) = \Gamma(1-a)$ |
| 629 | 627 | $S=X$ |
| 630 | 628 | $j(x)/J(1)1_{[1,\infty)}$ |
| 631 | 629 | $(-2,-1)$ |
| 632 | 630 | $(Y,\G,\Q)$ |
| 633 | 631 | $M(u) = c_1 / |u|^\alpha$ |
| 634 | 632 | $|X_t| \leq M$ |
| 635 | 633 | $K_\delta * f\to f$ |
| 636 | 634 | $w=\sum_i w_i$ |
| 637 | 635 | $|X_\alpha| > c$ |
| 638 | 636 | $(\alpha,\beta)$ |
| 639 | 637 | $y\pm 2\sqrt{V(\mu)}$ |
| 640 | 638 | $\lambda > 0$ |
| 641 | 639 | $\rho=0.12$ |
| 642 | 640 | $g(T(X)\mid \lambda) = \lambda^{\sum_{i=1}^{n} x_i} e^{-n\lambda}$ |
| 643 | 641 | $\int_0^{100} S(x)\,dx$ |
| 644 | 642 | $A=\mathbb Z[\xi]$ |
| 645 | 643 | $a=1$ |
| 646 | 644 | $\delta=\log(1+i)$ |
| 647 | 645 | $\text{VaR}_{\alpha}(A)$ |
| 648 | 646 | $\omega_c$ |
| 649 | 647 | $f(x_i;\theta) = g(\theta, \sum_i x_i)h(x_i)$ |
| 650 | 648 | $p\not\in\{1, 2\}$ |
| 651 | 649 | $8$ |
| 652 | 650 | $\nu>0$ |
| 653 | 651 | $m_X(s) \to \mathsf E[X]$ |
| 654 | 652 | $X_n(\omega)$ |
| 655 | 653 | $p\neq 2$ |
| 656 | 654 | $ achieves the left-shift and $ |
| 657 | 655 | $x\in\mathbb{R}$ |
| 658 | 656 | $\sup X_n=1\not=\sup X=0$ |
| 659 | 657 | $\dfrac{e^{\theta x}}{x^{\alpha+1}}$ |
| 660 | 658 | $(\alpha-1)(1-p)=1$ |
| 661 | 659 | $\sigma>0$ |
| 662 | 660 | $m_Y(s)\to\infty$ |
| 663 | 661 | $t\mapsto p(t, A)$ |
| 664 | 662 | $<0.01$ |
| 665 | 663 | $\frac{1}{2-p}=\frac{\alpha-1}{\alpha}$ |
| 666 | 664 | $\P(A\mid\F)(\cdot)$ |
| 667 | 665 | $y_i$ |
| 668 | 666 | $F(\cdot, F)=\P(T\le x\mid \G)(\omega)$ |
| 669 | 667 | $\P(A\mid\G)(\cdot)$ |
| 670 | 668 | $U$ |
| 671 | 669 | $a=P+Q=\max(L)=100$ |
| 672 | 670 | $10^{-1} - 1$ |
| 673 | 671 | $2(Mg+\alpha a)w$ |
| 674 | 672 | $8.617 \times 10^{4}$ |
| 675 | 673 | $4 \times 10^3 - 10^4$ |
| 676 | 674 | $\infty$ |
| 677 | 675 | $\theta_d=0.60$ |
| 678 | 676 | $\mathsf{E}[X]$ |
| 679 | 677 | $[0,\theta]$ |
| 680 | 678 | $a_i + b_i\ \mathit{EL}$ |
| 681 | 679 | $(\P_S,\sigma(T))$ |
| 682 | 680 | $V_\kappa$ |
| 683 | 681 | $B=g^b\pmod p$ |
| 684 | 682 | $(-\infty,0]$ |
| 685 | 683 | $10000 \times (1-\alpha)$ |
| 686 | 684 | $(\omega,\omega')\in\Delta$ |
| 687 | 685 | $p\not\in (0,1)$ |
| 688 | 686 | $\mathsf{E}[D_t D_s] = \mathsf{E}[(X_t - X_{t-1})(X_s - X_{s-1})]$ |
| 689 | 687 | $λ$ |
| 690 | 688 | $[-100, 1000)$ |
| 691 | 689 | $ is the total return on invested assets and $ |
| 692 | 690 | $\mathcal{W}$ |
| 693 | 691 | $\mu_0 : \mathcal{A} \to [0, \infty]$ |
| 694 | 692 | $\{\omega\mid P(\Gamma\cap Z, \omega) = \frac{1}{2}1_\Gamma(\omega) \ \forall\Gamma\in\mathscr I\})$ |
| 695 | 693 | $2^{17}=131072<150000<2^{18}=262144$ |
| 696 | 694 | $E=hc/\lambda = 10^{-6}/\lambda$ |
| 697 | 695 | $S_n=X_1+\cdots + X_n$ |
| 698 | 696 | $(\tau^{-1})'(\mu)=1/V(\mu)$ |
| 699 | 697 | $\int_B X\,d\P$ |
| 700 | 698 | ${}_b\bar V=1-\bar a_{x+b}/\bar a_x$ |
| 701 | 699 | $(E\cap U)$ |
| 702 | 700 | $f(s, \cdot)$ |
| 703 | 701 | $p_1$ |
| 704 | 702 | $\hat \theta>\theta_d$ |
| 705 | 703 | $y^*-x^* < \epsilon$ |
| 706 | 704 | $M < \infty$ |
| 707 | 705 | $M_\odot \approx 1.989 \times 10^{30} \ \text{kg}$ |
| 708 | 706 | $\xi:\Omega\to \mathbb{R}$ |
| 709 | 707 | $1 \times 10^{19}$ |
| 710 | 708 | $10^{20}$ |
| 711 | 709 | $\approx 45\%$ |
| 712 | 710 | $\theta_s=\hat\theta_s+\hat\sigma_s Z_s$ |
| 713 | 711 | $f(x) \mapsto kje^{\theta x} f(x)$ |
| 714 | 712 | $ are better. By a shaping argument, assume $ |
| 715 | 713 | $\nu$ |
| 716 | 714 | $ for different values of $ |
| 717 | 715 | $\kappa'$ |
| 718 | 716 | $p\approx 0.99$ |
| 719 | 717 | $p\neq 1$ |
| 720 | 718 | $\mu\to 0$ |
| 721 | 719 | $C=B+1$ |
| 722 | 720 | $T:\Omega\to Y$ |
| 723 | 721 | $\mathsf{E}(X\mid\G)$ |
| 724 | 722 | $h_2\le w$ |
| 725 | 723 | $t\sigma^2$ |
| 726 | 724 | $\mathsf{Var}(Z)=\sigma^2\mu^p$ |
| 727 | 725 | $50 of the amount allowed on each claim in the classes under subsections 3, 4, 4-B, 5 and 6 must be deducted from the claim and included in the class under subsection 8. Claims may not be cumulated by assignment to avoid application on the $ |
| 728 | 726 | $dt=1/n$ |
| 729 | 727 | $\mathsf{E}[x_t x_s] = \mathsf{E}[x_t \mathsf{E}[x_s \mid \F_t]] = \mathsf{E}[x_t^2]$ |
| 730 | 728 | $X_t=\mathsf{E}[Y\mid\F_t]$ |
| 731 | 729 | $A = X_1 + \cdots + X_d$ |
| 732 | 730 | $S=X+Y$ |
| 733 | 731 | $\sigma(\mathcal{A})$ |
| 734 | 732 | $\G_1\subset \G_2$ |
| 735 | 733 | $\phi$ |
| 736 | 734 | $h=0,1/2, 1$ |
| 737 | 735 | $(\F)$ |
| 738 | 736 | $0<\mathsf{E}[X_i]\le 1$ |
| 739 | 737 | $x\not= y$ |
| 740 | 738 | $\text{VaR}_{\alpha}$ |
| 741 | 739 | $\epsilon /2^{n+1}$ |
| 742 | 740 | $c_a\mapsto c_\lambda$ |
| 743 | 741 | $-\theta$ |
| 744 | 742 | $\lim_{\mu\to 0} V(\mu)/\mu^2=\infty$ |
| 745 | 743 | $a=1.75$ |
| 746 | 744 | $\mathrm{DM}^*(\theta, \sum_i \nu_i)$ |
| 747 | 745 | $X_{t-1}$ |
| 748 | 746 | $\mathcal{F}_{k-1}$ |
| 749 | 747 | $\kappa_t(s) = t \kappa(s)$ |
| 750 | 748 | $R$ |
| 751 | 749 | $n - 1$ |
| 752 | 750 | $\nu_B(A)=\P(B\cap T^{-1}(A))$ |
| 753 | 751 | $F_2$ |
| 754 | 752 | $x\!\urcorner$ |
| 755 | 753 | $\sin{}$ |
| 756 | 754 | $\bold x$ |
| 757 | 755 | $Y_N$ |
| 758 | 756 | $\rightarrow$ |
| 759 | 757 | $\theta=\log(\mu/(n+\mu))$ |
| 760 | 758 | $X_n,X$ |
| 761 | 759 | $k=0,1,\dots,n-1$ |
| 762 | 760 | $E[X_0] = 0$ |
| 763 | 761 | $10^5 - 10^{12}$ |
| 764 | 762 | $p\ge r\ge 1$ |
| 765 | 763 | $\forall A\in \A,\ f(A) \in \B$ |
| 766 | 764 | $s$ |
| 767 | 765 | $(k \approx 8.617 \times 10^{-5} \text{ eV/K}$ |
| 768 | 766 | $f'=\partial f/\partial\mu$ |
| 769 | 767 | $M^+_F$ |
| 770 | 768 | $B\in \B$ |
| 771 | 769 | $k(i)$ |
| 772 | 770 | $p=0.9$ |
| 773 | 771 | $\mathcal{M}$ |
| 774 | 772 | $10^7$ |
| 775 | 773 | $[2P,3P)$ |
| 776 | 774 | $N$ |
| 777 | 775 | $p, q \in G$ |
| 778 | 776 | $m(m+1)$ |
| 779 | 777 | $\forall \gamma>0: \int_{|y|>\gamma} K_\delta(y)\,dy=1$ |
| 780 | 778 | $2.6 \times 10^{12}$ |
| 781 | 779 | $m^*(O \setminus A) < \epsilon$ |
| 782 | 780 | $\mathsf{CP}(\lambda,X)$ |
| 783 | 781 | $10^{-6}$ |
| 784 | 782 | $t=0$ |
| 785 | 783 | $X\times Y$ |
| 786 | 784 | $X\sim \mathrm{St}(\alpha, \beta=1, 0, 0; S1)$ |
| 787 | 785 | $t\in[t, t+dt]$ |
| 788 | 786 | $2.2 \times 10^{24}$ |
| 789 | 787 | $-24$ |
| 790 | 788 | $\psi(S,T)=1$ |
| 791 | 789 | $t \geq \tau_n$ |
| 792 | 790 | $\epsilon_2$ |
| 793 | 791 | $\\hat f(x)$ |
| 794 | 792 | $b\mu_x v^b$ |
| 795 | 793 | $j(x)=1/x^{\alpha + 1}$ |
| 796 | 794 | $f:\Lambda\to\Omega$ |
| 797 | 795 | $ where $ |
| 798 | 796 | $. As usual, reduce to premium of 1 per unit time by adjusting the time period. $ |
| 799 | 797 | $l(y;y)$ |
| 800 | 798 | $\alpha_Y \le \alpha_X < \alpha_Y + 1$ |
| 801 | 799 | $V(\mu)\propto \mu^2$ |
| 802 | 800 | $2n^2$ |
| 803 | 801 | $N'/(Mg+\alpha a) - w\le w$ |
| 804 | 802 | $p=\infty$ |
| 805 | 803 | $q \in D$ |
| 806 | 804 | $F:\Omega\times\mathbb{R}\to\mathbb{R}$ |
| 807 | 805 | $\forall y\in Y$ |
| 808 | 806 | $3.1 - 100$ |
| 809 | 807 | $c > C$ |
| 810 | 808 | $\kappa'(\tau^{-1}(\mu))=\tau(\tau^{-1}(\mu))=\mu$ |
| 811 | 809 | $\mathsf E[g(X_n)]\to \mathsf E[g(x)]$ |
| 812 | 810 | $p = 0.5$ |
| 813 | 811 | $|\phi(-2\pi f)|$ |
| 814 | 812 | $[0,0] \succeq [-k -k]$ |
| 815 | 813 | $T:(\Omega,\F)\to(M,\B)$ |
| 816 | 814 | $\bar a_{n\!\urcorner}$ |
| 817 | 815 | $y\in C\subset\mathbf R$ |
| 818 | 816 | $\theta=c=\nu^2$ |
| 819 | 817 | $B'$ |
| 820 | 818 | $A$ |
| 821 | 819 | $\theta=-e^{-\mu}$ |
| 822 | 820 | $\mathsf{Var}(r(X))\ge 1/\mi(\mu)$ |
| 823 | 821 | $D ⊃ C N$ |
| 824 | 822 | $|\mathcal W(g, W)|$ |
| 825 | 823 | $(x)$ |
| 826 | 824 | $10^6 - 10^9$ |
| 827 | 825 | $\pi_1(E_1)\times \pi_2(E_2) = \P_1(E_1)\P_2(E_2)$ |
| 828 | 826 | ${}_1F_1$ |
| 829 | 827 | $\mu=1$ |
| 830 | 828 | $\beta_1+\beta_2-\beta_0$ |
| 831 | 829 | $\Omega_p$ |
| 832 | 830 | $10^{15} - 10^{19}$ |
| 833 | 831 | $1/x$ |
| 834 | 832 | $(0, \infty)$ |
| 835 | 833 | $\mathsf{Pr}(\mathsf{CP}=n)=\sum_{k\ge n}\mathsf{Pr}(\mathsf{CP}=n\mid N=k)\mathsf{Pr}(N=k)$ |
| 836 | 834 | $\mu_*(M\cap E)=\mu_*(M'\cap E)=0$ |
| 837 | 835 | $A_1 \subseteq A_2 \subseteq \cdots$ |
| 838 | 836 | $Ann+V$ |
| 839 | 837 | $K > 0$ |
| 840 | 838 | $\mu-\sigma^2/2<0$ |
| 841 | 839 | $\alpha/\beta=\alpha\mu^{p-1}/(\alpha+1)\to 1$ |
| 842 | 840 | $2^{\aleph_0}$ |
| 843 | 841 | $Y=1-X$ |
| 844 | 842 | $1 < a < 2$ |
| 845 | 843 | $x_1 < x_2$ |
| 846 | 844 | $1-2^{n-1}$ |
| 847 | 845 | $0\ge \lambda \le 1$ |
| 848 | 846 | $\Lambda$ |
| 849 | 847 | $T_1-1$ |
| 850 | 848 | $x\downarrow 0$ |
| 851 | 849 | $Z_\nu$ |
| 852 | 850 | $B(b)\approx -b\mu_xv^b \approx {-}_bq_xv^b = -A^{\, 1}_{x:b\!\urcorner}$ |
| 853 | 851 | $1-p=\frac{1}{\alpha-1}$ |
| 854 | 852 | $\lim J(x)\to\infty$ |
| 855 | 853 | $g^mA^R=g^{m+Ra}$ |
| 856 | 854 | $X=[0,1]^2$ |
| 857 | 855 | $\int |X_n(\omega) - X(\omega)| \,\mathsf{Pr}(d\omega)\to 0$ |
| 858 | 856 | $\sigma^2\mu^p=\lambda\alpha(\alpha+1)/\beta^2$ |
| 859 | 857 | $M_\oplus \approx 5.972 \times 10^{24} \ \text{kg}$ |
| 860 | 858 | $\int e^{\theta y}c(y)\,dy< \infty$ |
| 861 | 859 | $\mathsf E[\log(X_1 / X_0)]$ |
| 862 | 860 | $J_n(0) < \infty$ |
| 863 | 861 | $N\mid G$ |
| 864 | 862 | $p^*=0.752$ |
| 865 | 863 | $\omega\in B_0$ |
| 866 | 864 | $R\to\infty$ |
| 867 | 865 | $\exists x\ [\forall z\ (z=\emptyset)\rightarrow z\in x \wedge \forall x\in x\forall z\ (z=S(x)\rightarrow z\in x)]$ |
| 868 | 866 | $2^2\rightarrow 3^3-1=2\times 3^2 + 2\times 3 + 2 = 26$ |
| 869 | 867 | $3\mu(U)/2$ |
| 870 | 868 | $\mathsf{E}[X_2\mid X \ge a]$ |
| 871 | 869 | $a=0$ |
| 872 | 870 | $N=0$ |
| 873 | 871 | $r_i<r_j$ |
| 874 | 872 | $\phi(0)$ |
| 875 | 873 | ${{}_tp_x}$ |
| 876 | 874 | $e^{-\beta x}\approx 1$ |
| 877 | 875 | $t$ |
| 878 | 876 | $\psi(S(\omega), T(\omega))=1$ |
| 879 | 877 | $P_c(4450)^+$ |
| 880 | 878 | $\mathsf{E}[Y]=\mu=np/(1-p)$ |
| 881 | 879 | $\mathsf E_W$ |
| 882 | 880 | $2^{10}=1024$ |
| 883 | 881 | $x_{t-1}$ |
| 884 | 882 | $ the mean decreases to zero and the variance increases, finally becoming infinite when $ |
| 885 | 883 | $\int_B \mathsf{E}(X\mid\G)(\omega)\,\P(d\omega)$ |
| 886 | 884 | $\mathsf{E}[X\mid\G]$ |
| 887 | 885 | $ is positive and $ |
| 888 | 886 | $1/\sigma^2$ |
| 889 | 887 | $\log(\mathit{EER}) = \gamma + \eta \log(\mathit{PFL}) + \beta \log(\mathit{LGD})$ |
| 890 | 888 | $\mathsf{E}[D_t D_s] - \mathsf{E}[D_t]\mathsf{E}[D_s] = 0$ |
| 891 | 889 | $\bar a_{40}=17.95$ |
| 892 | 890 | $\log(\phi(x)) = -\log(\sqrt{2\pi}) - \displaystyle\frac{x^2}{2\ln(10)}$ |
| 893 | 891 | $\kappa_T$ |
| 894 | 892 | $L^p$ |
| 895 | 893 | $m_*$ |
| 896 | 894 | $\int_0^1 x^2j(x)dx<\infty$ |
| 897 | 895 | $\theta\in(-\pi/2,\pi/2)$ |
| 898 | 896 | $(x_1, x_2)$ |
| 899 | 897 | $F(x)=\int f(x)dx$ |
| 900 | 898 | $\P(A\mid\G)_{\omega_0}$ |
| 901 | 899 | $\exp(n(e^\zeta-1))$ |
| 902 | 900 | $M$ |
| 903 | 901 | $0<p<1$ |
| 904 | 902 | $10^6A_{75}=508676.91$ |
| 905 | 903 | $(P, \leq)$ |
| 906 | 904 | $[0,\infty)$ |
| 907 | 905 | $F\subset E_0$ |
| 908 | 906 | $l_s$ |
| 909 | 907 | $\{r_i\}$ |
| 910 | 908 | $PV/T$ |
| 911 | 909 | $\mathsf{Pr}(\{\omega \mid X_n(\omega)\to X(\omega) \})=1$ |
| 912 | 910 | $dt/t$ |
| 913 | 911 | $(X_t)$ |
| 914 | 912 | $\beta_0+\beta_2$ |
| 915 | 913 | $\mathsf{Var}(N)=\mathsf{E}[N]$ |
| 916 | 914 | $v = r\omega$ |
| 917 | 915 | $Y=xN$ |
| 918 | 916 | $g(Tx)=g(t)$ |
| 919 | 917 | $p\not=1/2$ |
| 920 | 918 | $8.617 \times 10^{8}$ |
| 921 | 919 | $\impliedby$ |
| 922 | 920 | $\mathsf{E}[D_t D_s]$ |
| 923 | 921 | $r_2$ |
| 924 | 922 | $g(s)=1-(1-s)^{1.59515}$ |
| 925 | 923 | $C(X)$ |
| 926 | 924 | $v^b{}_bq_x\bar a_{x+b} /\bar a_x=v^b{}_bq_x(1-{}_b\bar V)$ |
| 927 | 925 | $\epsilon > 0$ |
| 928 | 926 | $P_X$ |
| 929 | 927 | $1 — 1_B$ |
| 930 | 928 | $e^{st}-1\approx st + O(s^2)$ |
| 931 | 929 | $\int rf =\mathsf{E}[r]=\mu$ |
| 932 | 930 | $P_{x+b}-P_x > 0$ |
| 933 | 931 | $X_2=0$ |
| 934 | 932 | $A_1 \supseteq A_2 \supseteq \cdots$ |
| 935 | 933 | $\P(B\mid\G)$ |
| 936 | 934 | $V(\mu)=\mathsf{Var}(\mathsf{CP}_2)=\lambda(\mu/\lambda)^2x_2=\mu^2(x_2/\lambda)$ |
| 937 | 935 | $b\!\urcorner$ |
| 938 | 936 | $l = jn$ |
| 939 | 937 | $\bar\mu$ |
| 940 | 938 | $x_0\to\infty$ |
| 941 | 939 | $y_{0}=1$ |
| 942 | 940 | $r=0.045$ |
| 943 | 941 | $a$ |
| 944 | 942 | $\phantom{P}= v\,\mathrm{EL} + d\,\max(\mathrm{loss})$ |
| 945 | 943 | $\mathsf{CP}(\lambda, X)$ |
| 946 | 944 | $500g=4900N$ |
| 947 | 945 | $\omega$ |
| 948 | 946 | $N=40$ |
| 949 | 947 | $26 \rightarrow 2\times 4^2 + 2\times 4 + 1=41 \rightarrow 60 \rightarrow 83 \rightarrow 109\rightarrow\dots$ |
| 950 | 948 | $t=0.5$ |
| 951 | 949 | $\mathbb{R}^n$ |
| 952 | 950 | $. Thus $ |
| 953 | 951 | $X_i\sim L(1)$ |
| 954 | 952 | $[0,x]$ |
| 955 | 953 | $a\theta=1-s$ |
| 956 | 954 | $\phi(t)\approx \phi(0)$ |
| 957 | 955 | $\phi:(E, \mathsf{E}E)\to(\mathbb{R}, \BB(\mathbb{R}))$ |
| 958 | 956 | $(M, \B)$ |
| 959 | 957 | $Y\sim\mathrm{Ga}(\mu,\alpha)$ |
| 960 | 958 | $10^{23}$ |
| 961 | 959 | $1-r$ |
| 962 | 960 | $\mu+\mu\sqrt{\mu+2-2\sqrt{1+\mu}}$ |
| 963 | 961 | $\alpha>2$ |
| 964 | 962 | $Q:\Omega\times \mathsf{E}E\to\mathbb{R}$ |
| 965 | 963 | $m_X(·)$ |
| 966 | 964 | $\mathcal X\times M$ |
| 967 | 965 | $\alpha_X = \alpha_Y + 1$ |
| 968 | 966 | $k=0,\dots, n$ |
| 969 | 967 | $V_1$ |
| 970 | 968 | $D_t = X_t - X_{t-1} = \epsilon_t$ |
| 971 | 969 | $(0, 1)$ |
| 972 | 970 | $N=n$ |
| 973 | 971 | $D_s$ |
| 974 | 972 | $N_2$ |
| 975 | 973 | $\R$ |
| 976 | 974 | $x_1$ |
| 977 | 975 | $r \in G$ |
| 978 | 976 | $\P(A)$ |
| 979 | 977 | $13.8$ |
| 980 | 978 | $\phi\circ X$ |
| 981 | 979 | $P^T(\cdot\mid t)$ |
| 982 | 980 | $m(A) = m^*(A)$ |
| 983 | 981 | $\alpha_i(x)$ |
| 984 | 982 | $\kappa_\nu(\theta)=\nu\,\kappa(\theta)$ |
| 985 | 983 | $\mathsf{Var}(s)=1/\sigma^2$ |
| 986 | 984 | $s < t$ |
| 987 | 985 | $L(\nu)$ |
| 988 | 986 | $\sum_i x_i$ |
| 989 | 987 | $X=1_A$ |
| 990 | 988 | $\P(A)>0$ |
| 991 | 989 | $T:(\Omega, \F) \to (M,\B)$ |
| 992 | 990 | $\G=\sigma(T)$ |
| 993 | 991 | $c=1.124$ |
| 994 | 992 | $\frac{1}{1-p}+1=\frac{2-p}{1-p}$ |
| 995 | 993 | $J(1)<\infty$ |
| 996 | 994 | $D_t = (X_{t-1} + \epsilon_t)^2 - X_{t-1}^2 - 1 = 2X_{t-1}\epsilon_t + \epsilon_t^2 - 1$ |
| 997 | 995 | $p:\Omega\times \F \to [0,1]$ |
| 998 | 996 | $\mu f=\int f\,d\mu=\int f(x)\mu(dx)$ |
| 999 | 997 | $A \in \mathcal{C}$ |
| 1000 | 998 | $p-1=22$ |
| 1001 | 999 | $Q-0.4$ |
| 1002 | 1000 | $A_n \uparrow A$ |
| 1003 | 1001 | $ is the cumulant generating function for a CP with expected frequency $ |
| 1004 | 1002 | $\mathsf{Var}(G)=a\theta^2$ |
| 1005 | 1003 | $\P(A)=\P(A\cap\Omega)=\int_\Omega 1_B\,d\P=\P(B)$ |
| 1006 | 1004 | $g(s)=d + sv$ |
| 1007 | 1005 | $a:=\lim_{m\downarrow 0} V(m)/m$ |
| 1008 | 1006 | $j(x)\to\infty$ |
| 1009 | 1007 | $r=0.15$ |
| 1010 | 1008 | $A_t = \min(t, T)$ |
| 1011 | 1009 | $\alpha + 1$ |
| 1012 | 1010 | $\mathsf{E}[D_t \mid \F_{t-1}] \leq 0$ |
| 1013 | 1011 | $0\in\Theta_p$ |
| 1014 | 1012 | $1/2+1/4+1/6+\cdots$ |
| 1015 | 1013 | $g(s)=\min(1, s / (1-p))$ |
| 1016 | 1014 | $F(\omega, x) = \P(X\le x\mid\G)(\omega)$ |
| 1017 | 1015 | $A\in\tF$ |
| 1018 | 1016 | $\bar A_{x+b}$ |
| 1019 | 1017 | $\forall t\in E$ |
| 1020 | 1018 | $p=1.0005$ |
| 1021 | 1019 | $A_\omega$ |
| 1022 | 1020 | $\BB(S)\otimes\A$ |
| 1023 | 1021 | $L^*$ |
| 1024 | 1022 | $\mathsf{CP}(\lambda, X) = X_1+\cdots +X_N$ |
| 1025 | 1023 | $5 \times 10^9$ |
| 1026 | 1024 | $. Insurance interpretation: $ |
| 1027 | 1025 | $F_X$ |
| 1028 | 1026 | $10^9$ |
| 1029 | 1027 | $\mathcal{C}$ |
| 1030 | 1028 | $x_n\downarrow 0$ |
| 1031 | 1029 | $\mathsf{CP}(\lambda, \hat X)$ |
| 1032 | 1030 | $\F=\G$ |
| 1033 | 1031 | $(b-a)U_N$ |
| 1034 | 1032 | $\mu$ |
| 1035 | 1033 | $ is not differentiable at $ |
| 1036 | 1034 | $0\le x\le 200$ |
| 1037 | 1035 | $x=0$ |
| 1038 | 1036 | $\mathsf{NA}(X_i) = \mathsf{CoTVaR}_p(X_i)$ |
| 1039 | 1037 | $\hat\theta$ |
| 1040 | 1038 | $J(x)\to\infty$ |
| 1041 | 1039 | $X_1=X+b$ |
| 1042 | 1040 | $\omega\in Z$ |
| 1043 | 1041 | $\sigma^2$ |
| 1044 | 1042 | $\omega<1/n$ |
| 1045 | 1043 | $y\neq\mu$ |
| 1046 | 1044 | $i\in I$ |
| 1047 | 1045 | $\lambda=1$ |
| 1048 | 1046 | $\alpha e^{-\beta x}/x$ |
| 1049 | 1047 | $a=\mathsf{TVaR}(p^*)$ |
| 1050 | 1048 | $\F_t$ |
| 1051 | 1049 | $u''' > 0$ |
| 1052 | 1050 | $\mathsf{Pr}(0)>0$ |
| 1053 | 1051 | $\mu(E\cap U)\ge \alpha\mu(U)$ |
| 1054 | 1052 | $n_{\text{water, 20°C}} = \frac{2338 \times 1}{8.314 \times 293.15}$ |
| 1055 | 1053 | $10^{-8}$ |
| 1056 | 1054 | $(x_1,x_2]$ |
| 1057 | 1055 | $1/\sqrt{\alpha}$ |
| 1058 | 1056 | $m(A)=0$ |
| 1059 | 1057 | $\theta \neq 0$ |
| 1060 | 1058 | $\epsilon>0$ |
| 1061 | 1059 | $p_B$ |
| 1062 | 1060 | $P(A, \cdot) = \P(A\mid \F_1)(\cdot)$ |
| 1063 | 1061 | $P_{x+b}-P_x$ |
| 1064 | 1062 | $[a, b] \subset \mathbb{R}$ |
| 1065 | 1063 | ${\lambda\alpha(\alpha+1)}/{\beta^2}$ |
| 1066 | 1064 | $\rho = 1000 \, \text{kg/m}^3$ |
| 1067 | 1065 | $\mu-\sigma^2/2$ |
| 1068 | 1066 | $\{X_\alpha\}$ |
| 1069 | 1067 | $\mu^*(E)=\inf\left\{ \sum_{n\ge 1} \bar\mu(E_n) \mid E_n\in S(R),\ E\subset\bigcup_n E_n \right\}$ |
| 1070 | 1068 | $\xi(\phi^{-1}(t)\mid t) = 1,\ \forall t\in M$ |
| 1071 | 1069 | $\P(X\le r\mid\G)=E[1_{X\le r}\mid\G]$ |
| 1072 | 1070 | $a\,\dfrac{\mathsf{E}[X_1\mid X \ge a]}{\mathsf{E}[X\mid X \ge a]}$ |
| 1073 | 1071 | $0 < a-1 < 1$ |
| 1074 | 1072 | $t=t_0$ |
| 1075 | 1073 | $\alpha<\omega_c$ |
| 1076 | 1074 | $\nu\ll P$ |
| 1077 | 1075 | $[\epsilon_1, \epsilon_2] \succeq [0, \epsilon_1+\epsilon_2]$ |
| 1078 | 1076 | $L(e,t)$ |
| 1079 | 1077 | $\forall X\ \exists U\ [\forall Y\ \forall x\ (x\in Y \wedge Y \in X)\rightarrow x\in U]$ |
| 1080 | 1078 | $ x = 0, 1, 2, \ldots $ |
| 1081 | 1079 | $\mathsf{VaR}$ |
| 1082 | 1080 | $X_n=1$ |
| 1083 | 1081 | $\exists !x\phi(x)\leftrightarrow \exists x\phi(x)\wedge \forall x\forall y(\phi(x)\wedge \phi(y)\rightarrow x=y)$ |
| 1084 | 1082 | $\bar P_{x+b}$ |
| 1085 | 1083 | $X_j=(x_{1j}, x_{2j},\dots,x_{Mj})^t$ |
| 1086 | 1084 | $m_X(s) \to \infty$ |
| 1087 | 1085 | $\omega\in [k2^{-m}, (k+1)2^{-m}]$ |
| 1088 | 1086 | $\alpha(2)=0$ |
| 1089 | 1087 | $(0,t]$ |
| 1090 | 1088 | $p_\alpha$ |
| 1091 | 1089 | $r-\mu$ |
| 1092 | 1090 | $V(\mu)$ |
| 1093 | 1091 | $10^3$ |
| 1094 | 1092 | $\bar a_x = (1-\bar A_x)/\delta$ |
| 1095 | 1093 | $\theta\in\tilde\Theta$ |
| 1096 | 1094 | $K=B^a=g^{ak}$ |
| 1097 | 1095 | $p\not\in\{0,1,2\}$ |
| 1098 | 1096 | $p=0.271$ |
| 1099 | 1097 | $w(Z)/\mathsf{E}[w(Z)]$ |
| 1100 | 1098 | $C_v$ |
| 1101 | 1099 | $x_{\min{}}=0$ |
| 1102 | 1100 | $\mu_f$ |
| 1103 | 1101 | $p\not=0,1,2,3$ |
| 1104 | 1102 | $\le$ |
| 1105 | 1103 | $\P(A\mid \F_1)$ |
| 1106 | 1104 | $\mathsf{E}[x_t x_{s-1}] = \mathsf{E}[x_t \mathsf{E}[x_{s-1} \mid \F_t]] = \mathsf{E}[x_t x_{t-1}]$ |
| 1107 | 1105 | $\hat\sigma_s$ |
| 1108 | 1106 | $X_t = X_{t-1} + \epsilon_t$ |
| 1109 | 1107 | $x_{i2}$ |
| 1110 | 1108 | $+l$ |
| 1111 | 1109 | $(\alpha-1)/\beta$ |
| 1112 | 1110 | $\lambda < \kappa$ |
| 1113 | 1111 | $\forall A\in\mathsf{E}E$ |
| 1114 | 1112 | $x_\mathrm{range}= x_{\max{}}-x_{\min{}}$ |
| 1115 | 1113 | $50) of the amount allowed on each claim in the classes under subsections (3) to (7), inclusive, of this section, shall be deducted from the claim and included in the class under subsection (9) of this section. Claims may not be cumulated by assignment to avoid application of the fifty dollars ($ |
| 1116 | 1114 | $\xi\mathbb Z$ |
| 1117 | 1115 | $21$ |
| 1118 | 1116 | $\delta_\mu$ |
| 1119 | 1117 | $\A\otimes\B$ |
| 1120 | 1118 | $\px=\sum_i\int_B \mathsf{E}[X_i\mid \G]\,d\P$ |
| 1121 | 1119 | $\G(\omega)=\{\omega\}$ |
| 1122 | 1120 | $X_c$ |
| 1123 | 1121 | $A \subseteq O$ |
| 1124 | 1122 | $BM^2$ |
| 1125 | 1123 | $w(z)$ |
| 1126 | 1124 | $x+t$ |
| 1127 | 1125 | $\forall x[\exists y(y\in x)\rightarrow \exists y(y\in x \wedge \neg\exists z(z\in x \wedge z\in y))]$ |
| 1128 | 1126 | $\nu_B\ll T\P$ |
| 1129 | 1127 | $\Delta m_{32}^2 \approx 2.44 \times 10^{-3} \, \text{eV}^2$ |
| 1130 | 1128 | $\mathrm{EL}$ |
| 1131 | 1129 | $S(R)$ |
| 1132 | 1130 | $(\Omega, \F,\P)$ |
| 1133 | 1131 | $1.65 - 3.1$ |
| 1134 | 1132 | $J(0)<\infty$ |
| 1135 | 1133 | $X_s \le \mathsf{E}[X_t \mid \F_s]$ |
| 1136 | 1134 | $\tau=0.5$ |
| 1137 | 1135 | $\lambda$ |
| 1138 | 1136 | $1+\epsilon$ |
| 1139 | 1137 | $1-1/n$ |
| 1140 | 1138 | $\gamma = \frac{1}{\sqrt{1 - (v/c)^2}}$ |
| 1141 | 1139 | $\P(B\mid\A)$ |
| 1142 | 1140 | $\nu=\theta m$ |
| 1143 | 1141 | $d=1/(1+r)$ |
| 1144 | 1142 | $\mu(E) = \inf\{ \mu(U) \mid E\subset U, U\text{\ open} \}$ |
| 1145 | 1143 | $p(\cdot, A)$ |
| 1146 | 1144 | $10^{-11} - 10^{-15}$ |
| 1147 | 1145 | $\int_0^1 x^2 j(x)\,dx$ |
| 1148 | 1146 | $697.6 billion in 2016, $ |
| 1149 | 1147 | $\aleph_0$ |
| 1150 | 1148 | $\P(A\mid Y=y)=\mathsf{E}[1_A\mid Y=y]$ |
| 1151 | 1149 | $\mathsf E(G')=1-f$ |
| 1152 | 1150 | $\beta<\alpha$ |
| 1153 | 1151 | $y<0$ |
| 1154 | 1152 | $(y-\mu)^2$ |
| 1155 | 1153 | $\lambda=1/m$ |
| 1156 | 1154 | $\eta(\theta)$ |
| 1157 | 1155 | $\kappa_{T_x}$ |
| 1158 | 1156 | $d^2$ |
| 1159 | 1157 | $l(y;\mu)=\log(c(y))+y\tau^{-1}(\mu)-\kappa(\tau^{-1}(\mu))$ |
| 1160 | 1158 | $1_A$ |
| 1161 | 1159 | $Y\sim N(\mu, \sigma^2)$ |
| 1162 | 1160 | $aggfft*aggfft = aggfft$ |
| 1163 | 1161 | $10^{-3} - 7 \times 10^{-7}$ |
| 1164 | 1162 | $\mathcal W$ |
| 1165 | 1163 | $\mu_x = A+Bc^x$ |
| 1166 | 1164 | $n=100$ |
| 1167 | 1165 | $(c)$ |
| 1168 | 1166 | $h(y) = -\log y$ |
| 1169 | 1167 | $N(u) = -c_2/u^\alpha$ |
| 1170 | 1168 | $1\le p\le 2$ |
| 1171 | 1169 | $\mathsf{E}[\psi(S,T)] = \displaystyle\int_M \P_T(dt)\int_L\psi(s,t)P^T_S(ds\mid t)$ |
| 1172 | 1170 | $2\nu$ |
| 1173 | 1171 | $B_t$ |
| 1174 | 1172 | $\{X\le x\}$ |
| 1175 | 1173 | $\ge 2$ |
| 1176 | 1174 | $(-1,0)$ |
| 1177 | 1175 | $\int_{\mathbb{R}} K_\delta(y)\,dy=1\ \ \forall \delta>0$ |
| 1178 | 1176 | $\mu^*(E)=\inf\left\{ \sum_{n\ge 1} \bar\mu(E_n) \mid E_n\in \bar S,\ E\subset\bigcup_n E_n \right\}$ |
| 1179 | 1177 | $Z_1$ |
| 1180 | 1178 | $GM/R$ |
| 1181 | 1179 | $PV=N'$ |
| 1182 | 1180 | $0<\alpha<1$ |
| 1183 | 1181 | $2^{32}=4$ |
| 1184 | 1182 | $\{T=t\}=\{t\}$ |
| 1185 | 1183 | $\forall x\ \forall y\ \forall z\ (z \in x \leftrightarrow z \in y)\rightarrow x=y$ |
| 1186 | 1184 | $\bar P_{40}=6908.82$ |
| 1187 | 1185 | $D_i-N_i > 0$ |
| 1188 | 1186 | $0.3$ |
| 1189 | 1187 | $X_\alpha$ |
| 1190 | 1188 | $A=0.00022$ |
| 1191 | 1189 | $\mu=\tau(\theta)=\tan{\theta}$ |
| 1192 | 1190 | $\{X_t\}$ |
| 1193 | 1191 | $P:\F\times M\to [0,1]$ |
| 1194 | 1192 | $\frac{p}{(1-p)^2}=\frac{p}{1-p}(1+\frac{p}{1-p})$ |
| 1195 | 1193 | $\mu(A) = \nu(f(A))$ |
| 1196 | 1194 | $g<q$ |
| 1197 | 1195 | $A \in \F, \omega\in \Omega$ |
| 1198 | 1196 | $125 million of pretax cat losses net of reinsurance and reinstatement premiums in the quarter, with the primary event being the **Canadian crop** loss and the amount of $ |
| 1199 | 1197 | $\theta<0$ |
| 1200 | 1198 | $\alpha(1)=\infty$ |
| 1201 | 1199 | $p_B(y)=p(B, y)$ |
| 1202 | 1200 | $\px=\int_B \P(A\mid\G)\,d\P$ |
| 1203 | 1201 | $0.4-x^2/4.6-\log(x)$ |
| 1204 | 1202 | $c(y)\ge 0$ |
| 1205 | 1203 | $s \leq t$ |
| 1206 | 1204 | $b = x_\mathrm{range}/ n = (x_{\max{}}-x_{\min{}})/n$ |
| 1207 | 1205 | $P(A|B) = \frac{P(A \cap B)}{P(B)}$ |
| 1208 | 1206 | $\implies$ |
| 1209 | 1207 | $7 \times 10^{-7} - 4 \times 10^{-7}$ |
| 1210 | 1208 | $u>-br-v$ |
| 1211 | 1209 | $\mathsf{E}[Y]=\mu$ |
| 1212 | 1210 | $-b, b$ |
| 1213 | 1211 | $\mu^0=1$ |
| 1214 | 1212 | $= n \times 6.022 \times 10^{23} = 2.38\times 10^{24}$ |
| 1215 | 1213 | $\sqrt{2Np}=19$ |
| 1216 | 1214 | $\alpha=1/2$ |
| 1217 | 1215 | $P^T_S(\cdot\mid\cdot)$ |
| 1218 | 1216 | $g'$ |
| 1219 | 1217 | $L_X(s)/L_Y(s) = k$ |
| 1220 | 1218 | $P(\omega, B)=\P(B\mid\G)(\omega)$ |
| 1221 | 1219 | $\mathbb{Q}$ |
| 1222 | 1220 | $\{x\}=x-\lfloor x\rfloor$ |
| 1223 | 1221 | $k/n$ |
| 1224 | 1222 | $e^{-\lambda\nu}$ |
| 1225 | 1223 | $f_0, f_{1/2}, f_1$ |
| 1226 | 1224 | $\iota: x\mapsto (x, Tx)$ |
| 1227 | 1225 | $F = m v^2 / r$ |
| 1228 | 1226 | $j=1,2, \dots, d$ |
| 1229 | 1227 | $m_X(s)\to\infty$ |
| 1230 | 1228 | $g_n$ |
| 1231 | 1229 | $\mathit{Tw}_p(\mu, \sigma^2)$ |
| 1232 | 1230 | $\omega = \dfrac{d\theta}{dt}$ |
| 1233 | 1231 | $\psi(S,t)=1_{\{t\}}$ |
| 1234 | 1232 | $10^{10}$ |
| 1235 | 1233 | $t = 1$ |
| 1236 | 1234 | $-1.805$ |
| 1237 | 1235 | $\propto$ |
| 1238 | 1236 | $n=2,3$ |
| 1239 | 1237 | $P=(kN/V)T\propto$ |
| 1240 | 1238 | $\mathsf{CP}(\lambda, \mathrm{gamma}(\alpha, \beta))$ |
| 1241 | 1239 | $M=E_0+B$ |
| 1242 | 1240 | $\le 1$ |
| 1243 | 1241 | $V(\mu)=\kappa''(\tau^{-1}(\mu))$ |
| 1244 | 1242 | $200 of losses otherwise payable to any claimant under this subsection. All claims under life insurance policies and annuity contracts, whether for death proceeds, annuity proceeds or investment values, must be treated as loss claims. Claims may not be cumulated by assignment to avoid application of the $ |
| 1245 | 1243 | $ makes the left tail thinner, the right tail thicker, and increases the mean. The effect on the right tail is manageable because it is thinner than a normal, @Zolotarev1986, @Carr2003a. <!-- Zol thm 2.5.3 also Uchaikin, p 127 --> As $ |
| 1246 | 1244 | $\bar X$ |
| 1247 | 1245 | $\mathsf{E}[e^{sX_1}]=\mathsf{E}[e^{sX_{1/n}}]^n$ |
| 1248 | 1246 | $X_1 + X_2 \sim 2^{1/\alpha}X$ |
| 1249 | 1247 | $x\in\Omega,L, t\in M$ |
| 1250 | 1248 | $f\in L^1(\mathbb R)$ |
| 1251 | 1249 | $H$ |
| 1252 | 1250 | $\alpha=\alpha(p)$ |
| 1253 | 1251 | $A \in \mathcal{F}$ |
| 1254 | 1252 | $m_X(s)$ |
| 1255 | 1253 | $\bfx$ |
| 1256 | 1254 | $\phi(t)$ |
| 1257 | 1255 | $V(m) = m^3V^*(1/m)$ |
| 1258 | 1256 | $t < s$ |
| 1259 | 1257 | $C_p$ |
| 1260 | 1258 | $CV=\nu=\sqrt{a}\theta$ |
| 1261 | 1259 | $f(L)\in \BB$ |
| 1262 | 1260 | $\beta_i$ |
| 1263 | 1261 | $\tau^{-1}(\mu)=-1/(2\mu^2)$ |
| 1264 | 1262 | $\psi$ |
| 1265 | 1263 | $F((k+1/2)b)-F(k-1/2)b)$ |
| 1266 | 1264 | $3.2 \times 10^{18}$ |
| 1267 | 1265 | $10^{-2}$ |
| 1268 | 1266 | $v$ |
| 1269 | 1267 | $n>0$ |
| 1270 | 1268 | $\backslash$ |
| 1271 | 1269 | $(X, \Sigma)$ |
| 1272 | 1270 | $X_t = e^{B_t - t^2/2}$ |
| 1273 | 1271 | $\mathsf{Pr}(X ≥ x_0) = 1-p$ |
| 1274 | 1272 | $1-p$ |
| 1275 | 1273 | $t \neq s$ |
| 1276 | 1274 | $\int c(y)dy = 1$ |
| 1277 | 1275 | $P=53.565$ |
| 1278 | 1276 | $\ge 0.98$ |
| 1279 | 1277 | $\mathsf{cov}(m_X(S), m_Y(S))\ge 0$ |
| 1280 | 1278 | $\lambda_x\uparrow \infty$ |
| 1281 | 1279 | $\Theta=\{0\}$ |
| 1282 | 1280 | $\P_X$ |
| 1283 | 1281 | $p\ge 1$ |
| 1284 | 1282 | $\Delta G$ |
| 1285 | 1283 | $\hat F(x)=\sum_{i:x_i\le x} \lambda_i/\lambda$ |
| 1286 | 1284 | $X_1=aX+b$ |
| 1287 | 1285 | $x_t$ |
| 1288 | 1286 | $\kappa_{T_x}=x\,\kappa_{T}$ |
| 1289 | 1287 | $\mathsf{Pr}(X_1)$ |
| 1290 | 1288 | $b(\theta)=e^{-\kappa(\theta)}$ |
| 1291 | 1289 | $\P HX$ |
| 1292 | 1290 | $\cap$ |
| 1293 | 1291 | $\tau_n$ |
| 1294 | 1292 | $\alpha=-1/2$ |
| 1295 | 1293 | $200 of losses otherwise payable to any claimant under this subsection other than the federal government. All claims under life insurance and annuity policies, whether for death proceeds, annuity proceeds or investment values, shall be treated as loss claims. Claims may not be cumulated by assignment to avoid application of the $ |
| 1296 | 1294 | $G=f+G'$ |
| 1297 | 1295 | $8.617 \times 10^{10}$ |
| 1298 | 1296 | $A\in\S$ |
| 1299 | 1297 | $ is an interior point of $ |
| 1300 | 1298 | $m$ |
| 1301 | 1299 | $f$ |
| 1302 | 1300 | $\forall\omega\in\Omega$ |
| 1303 | 1301 | $\mathbb{R}$ |
| 1304 | 1302 | $L(e,t)=eR_t$ |
| 1305 | 1303 | $100$ |
| 1306 | 1304 | $10^{-3} - 10^{-1}$ |
| 1307 | 1305 | $\mathsf{E}[s]=0$ |
| 1308 | 1306 | $(M,\B)$ |
| 1309 | 1307 | $> \mathsf{VaR}$ |
| 1310 | 1308 | $M_t = t$ |
| 1311 | 1309 | $x\in D(E)$ |
| 1312 | 1310 | $X_\nu/\nu$ |
| 1313 | 1311 | $Z_c(3900)$ |
| 1314 | 1312 | $P_t\{T\not=t\}=0$ |
| 1315 | 1313 | $M=\Omega$ |
| 1316 | 1314 | $p^*$ |
| 1317 | 1315 | $k/T=\beta$ |
| 1318 | 1316 | $1/r$ |
| 1319 | 1317 | $a=0.75$ |
| 1320 | 1318 | $T(y)=(y, y^2)$ |
| 1321 | 1319 | $\kappa_T(y)=-\sqrt{-2y}$ |
| 1322 | 1320 | $X = (x_{ij})$ |
| 1323 | 1321 | $\tau \leq T$ |
| 1324 | 1322 | $ power is convolution, giving the hitting probability to the level $ |
| 1325 | 1323 | $\A$ |
| 1326 | 1324 | $y\mapsto P_y(E)$ |
| 1327 | 1325 | $m(F)=0$ |
| 1328 | 1326 | $\mathsf{CP}_2(\lambda, (\mu/\lambda)X)$ |
| 1329 | 1327 | $V(\mu)=\mu^2$ |
| 1330 | 1328 | $x^2<x$ |
| 1331 | 1329 | $Var(G) = a\theta^2$ |
| 1332 | 1330 | $\alpha\le 0$ |
| 1333 | 1331 | $m_1 r_1 = m_2 r_2$ |
| 1334 | 1332 | $s\leftrightarrow p=1-s$ |
| 1335 | 1333 | $\sigma^2V(\mu)$ |
| 1336 | 1334 | $\bar P_{75}=53123.19$ |
| 1337 | 1335 | $E_0+a_1$ |
| 1338 | 1336 | $k>0$ |
| 1339 | 1337 | $\int X_n\to 0$ |
| 1340 | 1338 | $\mathsf P(A\mid \mathscr G)$ |
| 1341 | 1339 | $\omega = [0, 1]$ |
| 1342 | 1340 | $\mathsf E[X] = \mathsf{TVaR}_0(X)$ |
| 1343 | 1341 | $\omega\mapsto Q(\omega, B)$ |
| 1344 | 1342 | $Z \sim \mathrm{DM}^*(\theta, \nu)$ |
| 1345 | 1343 | $X_k - X_{k-1}$ |
| 1346 | 1344 | $=\mathsf{E}[X]/(1-p^*)$ |
| 1347 | 1345 | $k(0)=\log(1)=0$ |
| 1348 | 1346 | $X_n=X$ |
| 1349 | 1347 | $B'=\bigcup_i G_i'$ |
| 1350 | 1348 | $X_s \ge \mathsf{E}[X_t \mid \F_s]$ |
| 1351 | 1349 | $x\neq 0$ |
| 1352 | 1350 | $g=f+\epsilon 1_B>f$ |
| 1353 | 1351 | $m(A)$ |
| 1354 | 1352 | $\sigma(T)$ |
| 1355 | 1353 | $\mathsf{E}[X_1] / \mathsf{E}[X]$ |
| 1356 | 1354 | $\mathsf{CP}(\lambda_i, x_i)$ |
| 1357 | 1355 | $u=0.271>0$ |
| 1358 | 1356 | $\mathsf{E}E$ |
| 1359 | 1357 | $\mathrm{NEF}(c)$ |
| 1360 | 1358 | $\mathrm{inf}\,S=0$ |
| 1361 | 1359 | $S\P=\P_S$ |
| 1362 | 1360 | $\mathcal{A}$ |
| 1363 | 1361 | $p_t(A)$ |
| 1364 | 1362 | $\{y\mid c(y)\neq 0\}$ |
| 1365 | 1363 | $b=0.53$ |
| 1366 | 1364 | $d^*(0)=0$ |
| 1367 | 1365 | $L'$ |
| 1368 | 1366 | $\log(c(y))$ |
| 1369 | 1367 | $Y\sim$ |
| 1370 | 1368 | $j=1,\dots,d$ |
| 1371 | 1369 | $\lambda=\sum_i\lambda_i$ |
| 1372 | 1370 | $P_Y(y)=\P(Y\le y)$ |
| 1373 | 1371 | $\mathsf{Pr}(Z=0)$ |
| 1374 | 1372 | $\mathsf{E}[Z]=\mu$ |
| 1375 | 1373 | $\mu A=\mu 1_A$ |
| 1376 | 1374 | $x_n(\mathrm{Po}(\lambda_n) - \lambda_n)$ |
| 1377 | 1375 | $ for $ |
| 1378 | 1376 | $\P H\xi$ |
| 1379 | 1377 | $g\in \mathcal{W}$ |
| 1380 | 1378 | $\mu(U)>1/k$ |
| 1381 | 1379 | $\mu\sqrt{1+2\mu}$ |
| 1382 | 1380 | $\bar\theta_s$ |
| 1383 | 1381 | $M\times d$ |
| 1384 | 1382 | $1 \times 10^{15}$ |
| 1385 | 1383 | $ be the waiting time until accumulated surplus equals $ |
| 1386 | 1384 | $(-1,-1/2)$ |
| 1387 | 1385 | $1/\nu$ |
| 1388 | 1386 | $+$ |
| 1389 | 1387 | $b > 0$ |
| 1390 | 1388 | $K(x)=(\pi(x^2+1))^{-1}$ |
| 1391 | 1389 | $2 \times 10^{14}$ |
| 1392 | 1390 | $\mu = \dfrac{m_1 m_2}{m_1 + m_2}$ |
| 1393 | 1391 | $E\cap F=(E\cup F) \setminus (E\triangle F)$ |
| 1394 | 1392 | $\log(1-\Phi(x))$ |
| 1395 | 1393 | $\frac{1}{2}mv^2 = \frac{3}{2}kT$ |
| 1396 | 1394 | $(1 + \mu^2)^{3/2}$ |
| 1397 | 1395 | $\P(T\in A\mid\G)(\cdot)$ |
| 1398 | 1396 | $\omega=\exp(-2\pi i / n)$ |
| 1399 | 1397 | $1.25 \times 10^{14}$ |
| 1400 | 1398 | $\pm\infty$ |
| 1401 | 1399 | $< \cdots <$ |
| 1402 | 1400 | $\text{VaR}_\alpha$ |
| 1403 | 1401 | $\mathit{PFL}$ |
| 1404 | 1402 | $ is average invested assets, equal to $ |
| 1405 | 1403 | $V(m)=m$ |
| 1406 | 1404 | $V(\mu)=1$ |
| 1407 | 1405 | $U_n(a, b)$ |
| 1408 | 1406 | $(x^{-1}-x^{-3})\phi(x)$ |
| 1409 | 1407 | $\omega\mapsto \P(A\mid G)(\omega)$ |
| 1410 | 1408 | $f=1_A$ |
| 1411 | 1409 | $=\displaystyle\int_B^{\phantom{X}} \mathsf{E}[X\mid T=t] \,\P_T(dt)\quad$ |
| 1412 | 1410 | $\psi(s,t)=1_B(t)\mathsf{E}[X\mid S=s,T=t]$ |
| 1413 | 1411 | $\mathsf{E}[Y_\theta]=y$ |
| 1414 | 1412 | $\theta=0$ |
| 1415 | 1413 | $l(t)=1$ |
| 1416 | 1414 | $\displaystyle\int H\xi\,d\P$ |
| 1417 | 1415 | $0.87$ |
| 1418 | 1416 | $\mathsf{E}[X_1\mid X \ge a]$ |
| 1419 | 1417 | $83.3=100/1.2$ |
| 1420 | 1418 | $f\to\infty$ |
| 1421 | 1419 | $G:=T_1-1$ |
| 1422 | 1420 | $\P(C) = 1$ |
| 1423 | 1421 | $\mathsf{CP}_2$ |
| 1424 | 1422 | $\frac{an^2}{V^2}$ |
| 1425 | 1423 | $r=1$ |
| 1426 | 1424 | $\G$ |
| 1427 | 1425 | $6\times 10^{14}$ |
| 1428 | 1426 | ${{}_tp_x} \mu_{x+t}$ |
| 1429 | 1427 | $(n,p)$ |
| 1430 | 1428 | $\BB$ |
| 1431 | 1429 | $\sec\theta$ |
| 1432 | 1430 | $p=3$ |
| 1433 | 1431 | $X_t = \mathbb{E}[X \mid \mathcal{F}_t]$ |
| 1434 | 1432 | $=\displaystyle\int_B^{\phantom{X}} \mathsf{var}phi \,d\P_T\quad$ |
| 1435 | 1433 | $P(A,t)=P_t(A)$ |
| 1436 | 1434 | $X_n(\omega)=n$ |
| 1437 | 1435 | $(\Omega,\F)$ |
| 1438 | 1436 | $d^*(x)\neq 0$ |
| 1439 | 1437 | $\{\lambda_t\}$ |
| 1440 | 1438 | $Z=\mathsf{CP}(\lambda,\text{gamma}(\alpha,\beta))$ |
| 1441 | 1439 | $0,1,2,\dots$ |
| 1442 | 1440 | $N=1000$ |
| 1443 | 1441 | $\prod_{n\ge N}(1-\frac{1}{n})=0$ |
| 1444 | 1442 | $17$ |
| 1445 | 1443 | $\mathsf{TVaR}$ |
| 1446 | 1444 | $\P_S=\P_T P^T_S$ |
| 1447 | 1445 | $c=-\Gamma(-a)(c_1 + c_2)\cos (a\pi/2)$ |
| 1448 | 1446 | $b_i$ |
| 1449 | 1447 | $V_j$ |
| 1450 | 1448 | $C_p / C_v$ |
| 1451 | 1449 | $\beta_i(x) / \alpha_i(x) > 1 > S(x) / g(S(x))$ |
| 1452 | 1450 | $X=X_1+X_2$ |
| 1453 | 1451 | $E[X_\tau] = 1$ |
| 1454 | 1452 | $\\cdots$ |
| 1455 | 1453 | $\hat F$ |
| 1456 | 1454 | $5 \times 10^{14}$ |
| 1457 | 1455 | $\mathsf{E}(G)=a\theta$ |
| 1458 | 1456 | $S,T$ |
| 1459 | 1457 | $f^{-1}(\F)$ |
| 1460 | 1458 | $\Gamma(S,T)\in\A\otimes\B$ |
| 1461 | 1459 | $2$ |
| 1462 | 1460 | $\dfrac{1}{1-p^*}\displaystyle\int_{1-p^*}^1 q(s)ds = q(p) = 100.0$ |
| 1463 | 1461 | $ρ(X)$ |
| 1464 | 1462 | $t=0,1,2,\dots$ |
| 1465 | 1463 | $1500 = 250 \times (1+11)/2$ |
| 1466 | 1464 | $z^n$ |
| 1467 | 1465 | $\theta=\log(\mu)$ |
| 1468 | 1466 | $(1,2)$ |
| 1469 | 1467 | $(\delta(t-1) + \delta(t+1))/2$ |
| 1470 | 1468 | $y-\mu$ |
| 1471 | 1469 | $\kappa(\theta)=-\log(-\mu)$ |
| 1472 | 1470 | $\theta\mapsto -\kappa(\theta)$ |
| 1473 | 1471 | $\tilde \Theta$ |
| 1474 | 1472 | $\phi\mu \ll \nu$ |
| 1475 | 1473 | $V(\mu)=\mu$ |
| 1476 | 1474 | $t=2$ |
| 1477 | 1475 | $\px=\sum_i \P(B\cap A_i)$ |
| 1478 | 1476 | $g(s) = \min(1, s / (1-p))$ |
| 1479 | 1477 | $\kappa(\theta)=n\log(1+e^\theta)$ |
| 1480 | 1478 | $x^{-\alpha}$ |
| 1481 | 1479 | $\mathsf{CP}_n:=\mathsf{CP}(J_n(0), X_n)$ |
| 1482 | 1480 | $j_n(x)=j(x)\wedge n$ |
| 1483 | 1481 | $\mu_*$ |
| 1484 | 1482 | $(B, Km)$ |
| 1485 | 1483 | $\theta=(1-f)/a$ |
| 1486 | 1484 | $\kappa''(\theta)=\tau'(\tau^{-1}(\mu))=1/(\tau^{-1})'(\mu))=V(\mu)$ |
| 1487 | 1485 | $x_i+y_{k(i)}$ |
| 1488 | 1486 | $7$ |
| 1489 | 1487 | $)$ |
| 1490 | 1488 | $d^*(x)=x^2$ |
| 1491 | 1489 | $\mu=\kappa'(\theta)$ |
| 1492 | 1490 | $P_c(4380)^+$ |
| 1493 | 1491 | $\mathsf{E}[X\mid T]$ |
| 1494 | 1492 | $\beta_0+\beta_1$ |
| 1495 | 1493 | $\log(1-1/n)<-1/n$ |
| 1496 | 1494 | $X_t = \mathsf{E}[X \mid \F_t]$ |
| 1497 | 1495 | $\P(\bigcup_i B_i \mid\G)_{\omega_0} = \sum\P(B_i\mid\G)_{\omega_0}$ |
| 1498 | 1496 | $\P(\cdot\mid\G)$ |
| 1499 | 1497 | $x_0+x_1+x_2$ |
| 1500 | 1498 | $\A_y$ |
| 1501 | 1499 | $1\le p<\infty$ |
| 1502 | 1500 | $\alpha\to\infty$ |
| 1503 | 1501 | $\alpha\in (0, 2]$ |
| 1504 | 1502 | $z$ |
| 1505 | 1503 | $t\pi/2$ |
| 1506 | 1504 | $\Gamma(\alpha,\beta)$ |
| 1507 | 1505 | $\mathsf{E}[Y]=\mu=np$ |
| 1508 | 1506 | $\P(\cdot\mid \G)(ω)$ |
| 1509 | 1507 | $Z_s$ |
| 1510 | 1508 | $\mathsf{E}[x_s \mid \F_t] = x_t$ |
| 1511 | 1509 | $\{X=x\}$ |
| 1512 | 1510 | $f = J/2^N$ |
| 1513 | 1511 | $\P(B\cap A)=\int_B \P(A\mid\G)\,d\P$ |
| 1514 | 1512 | $\alpha < 1$ |
| 1515 | 1513 | $V(m)=mW(m)$ |
| 1516 | 1514 | $>0$ |
| 1517 | 1515 | $\test$ |
| 1518 | 1516 | $-br-v=0.258$ |
| 1519 | 1517 | $x_1\leftrightarrow y_1$ |
| 1520 | 1518 | $n\ge 3$ |
| 1521 | 1519 | $10^{16}$ |
| 1522 | 1520 | $p=0.74$ |
| 1523 | 1521 | $-\frac{1}{2}$ |
| 1524 | 1522 | $e^t$ |
| 1525 | 1523 | $10^2$ |
| 1526 | 1524 | $nb=P$ |
| 1527 | 1525 | $\P H\xi = \P HX$ |
| 1528 | 1526 | $\{X \ge a\}$ |
| 1529 | 1527 | $\xi(\omega)=\xi(X \mid \G)(\omega)$ |
| 1530 | 1528 | $\mathsf{E}[e^{tY}]=\sum \mathsf{E}[(tY)^n/n!]$ |
| 1531 | 1529 | $B_1,B_2,\dots$ |
| 1532 | 1530 | $10^6$ |
| 1533 | 1531 | $q \leq p$ |
| 1534 | 1532 | $\omega\mapsto P(\omega, B)$ |
| 1535 | 1533 | $e^{-k(x/\alpha)^{\alpha/(\alpha-1)}}<e^{-k(x/\alpha)^{2}}$ |
| 1536 | 1534 | $\bar P_x = (1/\bar a_x)-\delta$ |
| 1537 | 1535 | $\P(B\mid \G)(ω)$ |
| 1538 | 1536 | $\bar M = \bar P_i - \bar S_i$ |
| 1539 | 1537 | $\phantom{P}= \mathrm{EL} + r\,(a-P)$ |
| 1540 | 1538 | $\P$ |
| 1541 | 1539 | $\P(A_i)>0$ |
| 1542 | 1540 | $B\mapsto p(t, B)$ |
| 1543 | 1541 | $X>a$ |
| 1544 | 1542 | $\alpha + Mg/a$ |
| 1545 | 1543 | $X(t)$ |
| 1546 | 1544 | $x^{-\alpha-1}e^{\theta x}$ |
| 1547 | 1545 | $n^3$ |
| 1548 | 1546 | $x>0$ |
| 1549 | 1547 | $1 - T$ |
| 1550 | 1548 | $v = \omega r$ |
| 1551 | 1549 | $\alpha_X$ |
| 1552 | 1550 | $-7$ |
| 1553 | 1551 | $g \leftrightarrow$ |
| 1554 | 1552 | $x\ge 0$ |
| 1555 | 1553 | $\frac{\partial f}{\partial \mu}=\frac{\partial f}{\partial \mu}\frac{f}{f} = \frac{\partial l}{\partial \mu}f$ |
| 1556 | 1554 | $t/|t|$ |
| 1557 | 1555 | $x - y$ |
| 1558 | 1556 | $F(x)$ |
| 1559 | 1557 | $0<\alpha\le 1$ |
| 1560 | 1558 | $\alpha=\infty$ |
| 1561 | 1559 | $Y_n=n-S_n$ |
| 1562 | 1560 | $\mu^*(M\cap E)=\mu(E)$ |
| 1563 | 1561 | $m^*$ |
| 1564 | 1562 | $\nu\uparrow\infty$ |
| 1565 | 1563 | $J(0)=\infty$ |
| 1566 | 1564 | $g'(s) \ge 0$ |
| 1567 | 1565 | $e^{ct}$ |
| 1568 | 1566 | $B \in \F$ |
| 1569 | 1567 | $\lambda_t \Omega$ |
| 1570 | 1568 | $\int c(y)dy\neq 1$ |
| 1571 | 1569 | $\approx 10^{-40}$ |
| 1572 | 1570 | $\Sigma$ |
| 1573 | 1571 | $\P(A\cap G)= \int_G \P(A)\,d\P$ |
| 1574 | 1572 | $\tau=0.156$ |
| 1575 | 1573 | $t > T$ |
| 1576 | 1574 | $\nu(B)=\P 1_B\xi$ |
| 1577 | 1575 | $E[X \mid \mathcal{F}_t] - E[X \mid \mathcal{F}_{t-1}]$ |
| 1578 | 1576 | $\mathsf{CTE}_p <= \mathsf{CTE}^+_p <= \mathsf{TVaR}_p$ |
| 1579 | 1577 | $X=1_B$ |
| 1580 | 1578 | $\Omega:=\tau(\mathrm{int}\,\Theta)$ |
| 1581 | 1579 | $S=\bigcup_j D^n_j$ |
| 1582 | 1580 | $(-\infty,0)$ |
| 1583 | 1581 | $\mathsf{E}[X_T]=\mathsf{E}[X_0]$ |
| 1584 | 1582 | $e',s', r', Q$ |
| 1585 | 1583 | $F_1$ |
| 1586 | 1584 | $d \bar S/da$ |
| 1587 | 1585 | $10^{-2} - 10$ |
| 1588 | 1586 | $V(\mu)=\mu^2/\alpha$ |
| 1589 | 1587 | $\rho(X) = (1-r)\mathsf E[X] + r\mathsf{TVaR}_p(X)$ |
| 1590 | 1588 | $u_A, u_E$ |
| 1591 | 1589 | $\Delta S$ |
| 1592 | 1590 | $\P(\cdot\mid\A)$ |
| 1593 | 1591 | $\Omega= \mathrm{int}\ \mathrm{conv}(S)$ |
| 1594 | 1592 | $\P_T(B) = \P(T^{-1}(B)) = \P(T\in B)$ |
| 1595 | 1593 | $\bar P_x:=\bar A_x / \bar a_x$ |
| 1596 | 1594 | $2^8-1=255$ |
| 1597 | 1595 | $105$ |
| 1598 | 1596 | $6\times 16= 96$ |
| 1599 | 1597 | $P(A | \mathcal{G})(\omega)$ |
| 1600 | 1598 | $\le 0$ |
| 1601 | 1599 | $10^{-12}$ |
| 1602 | 1600 | $\bar S$ |
| 1603 | 1601 | $P^T(F\mid t)$ |
| 1604 | 1602 | $g(s) = vs + d$ |
| 1605 | 1603 | $N=kg m/s^2$ |
| 1606 | 1604 | $2.38\times 10^{24}$ |
| 1607 | 1605 | $\sum_n x_n^2\lambda_n$ |
| 1608 | 1606 | $<a$ |
| 1609 | 1607 | $L = 4\pi R^2 \sigma T^4$ |
| 1610 | 1608 | $\int_0^1 xj(x)\,dx<\infty$ |
| 1611 | 1609 | $C(t)$ |
| 1612 | 1610 | $X = \sum_t D_t$ |
| 1613 | 1611 | $M_{\text{Moon}} \approx 7.348 \times 10^{22} \ \text{kg}$ |
| 1614 | 1612 | $\int_B \mathsf{E}(\sum X_i\mid\G)\,d\P$ |
| 1615 | 1613 | $\gamma$ |
| 1616 | 1614 | $X_t - X_s$ |
| 1617 | 1615 | $a < b$ |
| 1618 | 1616 | $0.999999999$ |
| 1619 | 1617 | $H(x)=y$ |
| 1620 | 1618 | $h(0.05) = 1-g(1-0.05) = 0.0203$ |
| 1621 | 1619 | $\lambda\to\infty$ |
| 1622 | 1620 | $U + (U+x)$ |
| 1623 | 1621 | $B(b)>0$ |
| 1624 | 1622 | $P^T(A\mid t)$ |
| 1625 | 1623 | $\mathsf{E}[X\mid Y]$ |
| 1626 | 1624 | $\lambda=\mathsf{E}[X]<1$ |
| 1627 | 1625 | $\int_B \xi\,d\P$ |
| 1628 | 1626 | $E=\Omega$ |
| 1629 | 1627 | $V'$ |
| 1630 | 1628 | $e'=0.24$ |
| 1631 | 1629 | $\lambda=\lambda_1 + \lambda_2$ |
| 1632 | 1630 | $\nu_0$ |
| 1633 | 1631 | $k=0,\dots,n-1$ |
| 1634 | 1632 | $< 10^{-22}$ |
| 1635 | 1633 | $\mathring\Theta$ |
| 1636 | 1634 | $\partial\eta/\partial\beta_1=0,1,2$ |
| 1637 | 1635 | $A_x\setminus A_y$ |
| 1638 | 1636 | $j(x)=x^{-5/2}$ |
| 1639 | 1637 | $y_{2}=3$ |
| 1640 | 1638 | $b - a$ |
| 1641 | 1639 | $p \in P$ |
| 1642 | 1640 | $\theta=s\theta_1+(1-s)\theta_2$ |
| 1643 | 1641 | $\delta$ |
| 1644 | 1642 | $X_n = 1$ |
| 1645 | 1643 | $A=f^{-1}(B)$ |
| 1646 | 1644 | $Z = Y\lambda$ |
| 1647 | 1645 | $\mu^2$ |
| 1648 | 1646 | $\delta^{18}O$ |
| 1649 | 1647 | $X_n = 2^n \cdot I(A_n)$ |
| 1650 | 1648 | $\{ P_t\}_t$ |
| 1651 | 1649 | $\beta=0.57$ |
| 1652 | 1650 | $L=L(\nu)$ |
| 1653 | 1651 | $X_{T_x}=x$ |
| 1654 | 1652 | $\sim 696{,}000 \ \text{km}$ |
| 1655 | 1653 | $\eta(\theta)=\theta$ |
| 1656 | 1654 | $E[X_{n+1} \mid \mathcal{F}_n] \leq X_n$ |
| 1657 | 1655 | $10^{12} - 10^{15}$ |
| 1658 | 1656 | $t<T$ |
| 1659 | 1657 | $\nabla \times (\mathbf{v} \times \mathbf{B})$ |
| 1660 | 1658 | $P(A | \mathcal{G})$ |
| 1661 | 1659 | $ and $ |
| 1662 | 1660 | $v_A, v_E$ |
| 1663 | 1661 | $\lim \mathsf{E}[X_n] = \mathsf{E}[X] < \infty$ |
| 1664 | 1662 | $U_\infty=\lim_N U_N$ |
| 1665 | 1663 | $\mathsf{E}[e^{sX_{m/n}}]=\mathsf{E}[e^{sX_{1/n}}]^m$ |
| 1666 | 1664 | $\forall a\ \forall b\ \exists x\ [a\in x \wedge b\in x]$ |
| 1667 | 1665 | $F_n(x)\to F(x)$ |
| 1668 | 1666 | $l$ |
| 1669 | 1667 | $fT$ |
| 1670 | 1668 | $f_P=f$ |
| 1671 | 1669 | $P^T_S(A\mid\cdot)$ |
| 1672 | 1670 | $\aleph_1$ |
| 1673 | 1671 | $\rho$ |
| 1674 | 1672 | $Z_i$ |
| 1675 | 1673 | $x=q(p)$ |
| 1676 | 1674 | $p(dx,y)$ |
| 1677 | 1675 | $A_x$ |
| 1678 | 1676 | $kg$ |
| 1679 | 1677 | $\theta=\lambda\nu$ |
| 1680 | 1678 | $Y_t = X_t^2 - t$ |
| 1681 | 1679 | $\P(A\cap B)= \int_B 1_A\,p\P$ |
| 1682 | 1680 | $X=1$ |
| 1683 | 1681 | $D_i-N_i$ |
| 1684 | 1682 | $\mathsf{Pr}(X_2)$ |
| 1685 | 1683 | $\mathsf{Pr}(X_n\in A)\to\mathsf{Pr}(X\in A)$ |
| 1686 | 1684 | $\A=f^{-1}(\BB)$ |
| 1687 | 1685 | $e^{\theta y}>0$ |
| 1688 | 1686 | $\{X_n\}$ |
| 1689 | 1687 | $X_n$ |
| 1690 | 1688 | $dx$ |
| 1691 | 1689 | $=14\times 16+2=226$ |
| 1692 | 1690 | $\int f\,d\mu$ |
| 1693 | 1691 | $10^4 - 10^6$ |
| 1694 | 1692 | $x\in(-\frac{1}{2}\mu(U), \frac{1}{2}\mu(U))$ |
| 1695 | 1693 | $f(kb)$ |
| 1696 | 1694 | $\sigma_s$ |
| 1697 | 1695 | $k$ |
| 1698 | 1696 | $-stable distribution with Lévy density $ |
| 1699 | 1697 | $J$ |
| 1700 | 1698 | $\sum_x dx = a$ |
| 1701 | 1699 | $\theta_1$ |
| 1702 | 1700 | $t=b$ |
| 1703 | 1701 | $(2,\infty)$ |
| 1704 | 1702 | $1, =$ |
| 1705 | 1703 | $p_1+p_2=1$ |
| 1706 | 1704 | $X:(\Omega,\F)\to(\mathbb{R},\BB(\mathbb{R}))$ |
| 1707 | 1705 | $X_i$ |
| 1708 | 1706 | $\mathsf{Var}(X_x)=\mathsf{Var}(\mathsf{CP}(j_n(x)\delta, x))=x^2j_n(x)\delta$ |
| 1709 | 1707 | $\exp(\sigma \sqrt tZ)=\exp(\sigma^2t/2)$ |
| 1710 | 1708 | $\kappa_X$ |
| 1711 | 1709 | $. Let $ |
| 1712 | 1710 | $B=\{p_\alpha\}$ |
| 1713 | 1711 | $2.0-3.0$ |
| 1714 | 1712 | $\alpha_X\in(\alpha_Y+1/3, \alpha_Y+1/2)$ |
| 1715 | 1713 | $-8$ |
| 1716 | 1714 | $(L,\A)=(\Omega,\F)$ |
| 1717 | 1715 | $\P(B)=0$ |
| 1718 | 1716 | $\P(A\cap B)=\P(A)\P(B)=\int_B P(A)\P_T(dt)$ |
| 1719 | 1717 | $m=\kappa'(\theta)$ |
| 1720 | 1718 | $(\Omega,\F,\mu)$ |
| 1721 | 1719 | $A_0,\dots,A_r\in\F$ |
| 1722 | 1720 | $\omega\in J$ |
| 1723 | 1721 | $T:(\Omega, \F)\to(E,\mathsf{E}E)$ |
| 1724 | 1722 | $\{ \omega\mid p(\omega, A)=1_A(\omega),\ \forall A\in\G \}$ |
| 1725 | 1723 | $1_{[0,1]}$ |
| 1726 | 1724 | $\sigma^2/n_i$ |
| 1727 | 1725 | $Y=X_1+\cdots +X_N$ |
| 1728 | 1726 | $p=0.99$ |
| 1729 | 1727 | $e^{\theta x}j(x)$ |
| 1730 | 1728 | $\bar a_x = \bar a_{x:b\!\urcorner} + v^b{}_bp_x\bar a_{x+b}$ |
| 1731 | 1729 | $0\le t\le T_x$ |
| 1732 | 1730 | $X \mapsto kX$ |
| 1733 | 1731 | $r(X)$ |
| 1734 | 1732 | $f(x)$ |
| 1735 | 1733 | $r_1$ |
| 1736 | 1734 | $q(g)$ |
| 1737 | 1735 | $t-1$ |
| 1738 | 1736 | $ct$ |
| 1739 | 1737 | $P=vL + da$ |
| 1740 | 1738 | $f(x)=\cos(2\pi\omega x)$ |
| 1741 | 1739 | $X,Y$ |
| 1742 | 1740 | $\alpha<0$ |
| 1743 | 1741 | $t-s$ |
| 1744 | 1742 | $r=0.05, 0.15, 0.25$ |
| 1745 | 1743 | $f(x)=x^{-\alpha}L(x)$ |
| 1746 | 1744 | $X,Y,T$ |
| 1747 | 1745 | $G\in\mathscr G$ |
| 1748 | 1746 | $s\downarrow 0$ |
| 1749 | 1747 | $\tilde y$ |
| 1750 | 1748 | $N' := kNT$ |
| 1751 | 1749 | $N=365$ |
| 1752 | 1750 | $l(y;\theta)=\log(c(y)) +y\theta-\kappa(\theta)$ |
| 1753 | 1751 | $g^a=g^{\log_g(n)}=n$ |
| 1754 | 1752 | $(\mu,\sigma^2)$ |
| 1755 | 1753 | $m^2W(m)$ |
| 1756 | 1754 | $m(m-1)$ |
| 1757 | 1755 | $-2$ |
| 1758 | 1756 | $\bar P_x$ |
| 1759 | 1757 | $Y=y$ |
| 1760 | 1758 | $0\not\in\Omega_p$ |
| 1761 | 1759 | $N'$ |
| 1762 | 1760 | $R>0$ |
| 1763 | 1761 | $A=g^a \pmod p$ |
| 1764 | 1762 | $\{\tau_n\}$ |
| 1765 | 1763 | $q \in G$ |
| 1766 | 1764 | $2T+U=0$ |
| 1767 | 1765 | $.} with $ |
| 1768 | 1766 | $2.38 \times 10^{24}$ |
| 1769 | 1767 | $Y$ |
| 1770 | 1768 | $X\mapsto aX+b$ |
| 1771 | 1769 | $A'$ |
| 1772 | 1770 | $P_y$ |
| 1773 | 1771 | $W(\cdot)$ |
| 1774 | 1772 | $X = 1$ |
| 1775 | 1773 | $\bar\alpha=-\alpha$ |
| 1776 | 1774 | $x^{-\alpha-1}e^{\theta x}/x$ |
| 1777 | 1775 | $u_i$ |
| 1778 | 1776 | $2.592 \times 10^{16}$ |
| 1779 | 1777 | $j(x)$ |
| 1780 | 1778 | $\P(B)=1$ |
| 1781 | 1779 | $M_T(y)=w(e^{y})$ |
| 1782 | 1780 | $\mathsf{CV}(G) = \mathsf{SD}(G') = \nu$ |
| 1783 | 1781 | $A_n \in \mathcal{C}$ |
| 1784 | 1782 | $n=1,\dots,6$ |
| 1785 | 1783 | $c(y)=\binom{n}{y}$ |
| 1786 | 1784 | $\kappa_1$ |
| 1787 | 1785 | $N':=kN$ |
| 1788 | 1786 | $L-L^*$ |
| 1789 | 1787 | $t \geq T(\omega)$ |
| 1790 | 1788 | $(Y,\B)$ |
| 1791 | 1789 | $\mathscr I$ |
| 1792 | 1790 | $2\pi$ |
| 1793 | 1791 | $\mathsf{E}[|X_t|] < \infty$ |
| 1794 | 1792 | $2K + U = 0$ |
| 1795 | 1793 | $\mathsf{E}[X_{t+1} \mid \F_t] = X_t$ |
| 1796 | 1794 | $6.3\times 10^{11}$ |
| 1797 | 1795 | $\mu^*$ |
| 1798 | 1796 | $(T,\mu)$ |
| 1799 | 1797 | $Ca(Mg,Fe)Si_2O_6$ |
| 1800 | 1798 | $x^*$ |
| 1801 | 1799 | $10^4$ |
| 1802 | 1800 | $Z(ω)$ |
| 1803 | 1801 | $Q(\omega, \cdot)$ |
| 1804 | 1802 | $L=L(e,t)$ |
| 1805 | 1803 | $10$ |
| 1806 | 1804 | $y=0$ |
| 1807 | 1805 | $30,000 per accident up to $ |
| 1808 | 1806 | $M_B(t)=(1-p)+pe^t$ |
| 1809 | 1807 | $\sigma(X)$ |
| 1810 | 1808 | $p_n(a)$ |
| 1811 | 1809 | $\theta\in\Theta\setminus\mathrm{int}\,\Theta$ |
| 1812 | 1810 | $1.7 \times 10^{-3}$ |
| 1813 | 1811 | $(\Omega\times M, \F\otimes\B)$ |
| 1814 | 1812 | $\tau(\theta)=\kappa'(\theta)$ |
| 1815 | 1813 | $|X_\alpha|$ |
| 1816 | 1814 | $m_1$ |
| 1817 | 1815 | $m_X$ |
| 1818 | 1816 | $\psi=1_\Gamma$ |
| 1819 | 1817 | $\\infty$ |
| 1820 | 1818 | $\mathsf{E}[e^{sX_1}]^{1/n}=\mathsf{E}[e^{sX_{1/n}}]$ |
| 1821 | 1819 | $j(x)=x^{-3/2}$ |
| 1822 | 1820 | $\B\subset \F$ |
| 1823 | 1821 | $Nk$ |
| 1824 | 1822 | $10^{-5}$ |
| 1825 | 1823 | $U_N$ |
| 1826 | 1824 | $\{X_{t \wedge \tau}\}$ |
| 1827 | 1825 | $p_k=F((k+1/2)b)-F(k-1/2)b)$ |
| 1828 | 1826 | $1/8.6$ |
| 1829 | 1827 | $E[X_t \mid \mathcal{F}_{t-1}] = X_{t-1}$ |
| 1830 | 1828 | $-15$ |
| 1831 | 1829 | $dx/x$ |
| 1832 | 1830 | $50 of the amount allowed on each claim in the classes under paragraphs II, V, and VI except claims of the guaranty associations as defined in RSA 404-B, 404-H, 404-D, and 408-B shall be deducted from the claim. Claims may not be cumulated by assignment to avoid application of the $ |
| 1833 | 1831 | $u=-0.295$ |
| 1834 | 1832 | $\forall\omega$ |
| 1835 | 1833 | $100 billion; and costs associated with providing regulated insurance paper, such as underwriting, product management, regulatory and compliance costs, taxes licenses and fees, billing, policy maintenance and policy issuance, of nearly 10% of premium, or $ |
| 1836 | 1834 | $p=1.005$ |
| 1837 | 1835 | $r=0.038$ |
| 1838 | 1836 | $X=X_s + X_l$ |
| 1839 | 1837 | $\mathsf{Pr}(X_n=1)=1/n$ |
| 1840 | 1838 | $(-\epsilon, \epsilon)$ |
| 1841 | 1839 | $A=\mathbb Q\cap [0,1]$ |
| 1842 | 1840 | $L^1(\mathbb R)\to L^1(\mathbb R)$ |
| 1843 | 1841 | $a\to 2$ |
| 1844 | 1842 | $MgAl_2O_4$ |
| 1845 | 1843 | $6 \times 10^{}$ |
| 1846 | 1844 | $-\alpha$ |
| 1847 | 1845 | $\hat f(t)$ |
| 1848 | 1846 | $\bar y - \kappa(\theta)=0$ |
| 1849 | 1847 | $\partial d/\partial\mu=-2\,\partial l/\partial \mu$ |
| 1850 | 1848 | $\lambda=\beta/\alpha$ |
| 1851 | 1849 | ${}_b\bar V$ |
| 1852 | 1850 | $-2< -\alpha<-1$ |
| 1853 | 1851 | $\to$ |
| 1854 | 1852 | $G$ |
| 1855 | 1853 | $\int_0^\epsilon (e^{sx}-1)j_n(x)dx \approx \int_0^\epsilon sxj_n(x)dx$ |
| 1856 | 1854 | $\theta=-\alpha/\mu$ |
| 1857 | 1855 | $A\in\G$ |
| 1858 | 1856 | $(\mu,\alpha)$ |
| 1859 | 1857 | $\mathsf{E}[z^T]$ |
| 1860 | 1858 | $x_{\max{}}$ |
| 1861 | 1859 | $0$ |
| 1862 | 1860 | $\mathsf{Var}(aX)=a^2\mathsf{Var}(X)$ |
| 1863 | 1861 | $\mathsf E_g|\mathcal W(g, W)|$ |
| 1864 | 1862 | $\Gamma(\alpha):=\int_0^\infty x^{\alpha-1}e^{-x}dx$ |
| 1865 | 1863 | $V(\mu)=1/(\tau^{-1})'(\mu)=\mu^2$ |
| 1866 | 1864 | $Y=[0,1]$ |
| 1867 | 1865 | $3$ |
| 1868 | 1866 | $0\le t<\beta$ |
| 1869 | 1867 | $\G\subseteq \F$ |
| 1870 | 1868 | $\{(\A_y, P_y)_{y\in Y} \}$ |
| 1871 | 1869 | $σ$ |
| 1872 | 1870 | $10^{13}$ |
| 1873 | 1871 | $g^{kS}=R^S=g^{m+Ra}=g^mA^R$ |
| 1874 | 1872 | $2^{-(i+j)}$ |
| 1875 | 1873 | $\gamma = 2/\sqrt(a) = 2\nu$ |
| 1876 | 1874 | $\sigma=1$ |
| 1877 | 1875 | $\alpha<2$ |
| 1878 | 1876 | $0\le \tau\le 1$ |
| 1879 | 1877 | $y-\kappa'(\theta)=0$ |
| 1880 | 1878 | $F_\alpha$ |
| 1881 | 1879 | $C_p = \frac{7}{2}R$ |
| 1882 | 1880 | $N\times 1$ |
| 1883 | 1881 | $g$ |
| 1884 | 1882 | $\mathsf{Pr}(X_n>\epsilon)\to 0$ |
| 1885 | 1883 | $agg$ |
| 1886 | 1884 | $\F,\A,\B$ |
| 1887 | 1885 | $E'=X\setminus E$ |
| 1888 | 1886 | $\mu g=0$ |
| 1889 | 1887 | $\sigma$ |
| 1890 | 1888 | $1/V$ |
| 1891 | 1889 | $\mathsf{Var}(Y)=np/(1-p)^2$ |
| 1892 | 1890 | $\exp(\mu t)$ |
| 1893 | 1891 | $\{a_n\}$ |
| 1894 | 1892 | $1-p_s>0.5$ |
| 1895 | 1893 | $1.38 \times 10^{-23}$ |
| 1896 | 1894 | $\mathsf{E}[\mathsf{E}[X\mid \G_2]\mid \G_1]=\mathsf{E}[X\mid \G_1]$ |
| 1897 | 1895 | $x \!\!\urcorner$ |
| 1898 | 1896 | $10^5$ |
| 1899 | 1897 | $n=2^m+k$ |
| 1900 | 1898 | $\mathrm{NE}(\mu)$ |
| 1901 | 1899 | $\{A_i\}$ |
| 1902 | 1900 | $D_i$ |
| 1903 | 1901 | $P(\omega)$ |
| 1904 | 1902 | $\kappa'(\theta)=\mu$ |
| 1905 | 1903 | $P_i+Q_i$ |
| 1906 | 1904 | $10^{15}$ |
| 1907 | 1905 | $X_l$ |
| 1908 | 1906 | $G_i$ |
| 1909 | 1907 | $d=2$ |
| 1910 | 1908 | $X_{t \wedge \tau_n}$ |
| 1911 | 1909 | $10^{-1} - 10^{-3}$ |
| 1912 | 1910 | $195 million or three points of losses on natural catastrophes including Hurricane Ida, the floods in Europe, and Winter Storm Uri. This compares to a combined ratio of 98 for 2020 which included $ |
| 1913 | 1911 | $|x|$ |
| 1914 | 1912 | $p>2$ |
| 1915 | 1913 | $\{\emptyset, Ω\}$ |
| 1916 | 1914 | $c_0(y)=c(y)e^{l(y;y)}$ |
| 1917 | 1915 | $(0,t_1+t_2]$ |
| 1918 | 1916 | $Km\pmod p$ |
| 1919 | 1917 | $x_i=n_i + i\xi$ |
| 1920 | 1918 | $|x|^2$ |
| 1921 | 1919 | $\beta\in[-1,1]$ |
| 1922 | 1920 | $P^T_S(A\mid t)$ |
| 1923 | 1921 | $\max X_i$ |
| 1924 | 1922 | $\forall \omega\not=\omega',\ \exists G\in\G:\ 1_G(\omega)\not=1_{G'}(\omega')$ |
| 1925 | 1923 | $K_\delta(x) = K(x/\delta) / \delta$ |
| 1926 | 1924 | $N=(1-\alpha)M$ |
| 1927 | 1925 | $X_t = \exp(B_t - t^2/2)$ |
| 1928 | 1926 | $\alpha\ge 1$ |
| 1929 | 1927 | $Y_t=\exp(B_t - t/2)$ |
| 1930 | 1928 | $A \in \mathcal{A}$ |
| 1931 | 1929 | $\mathsf{E}[x_{t-1} x_s] = \mathsf{E}[\mathsf{E}[x_{t-1} x_s \mid \F_{t-1}]] = \mathsf{E}[x_{t-1} \mathsf{E}[x_s \mid \F_{t-1}]] = \mathsf{E}[x_{t-1} x_{t-1}] = \mathsf{E}[x_{t-1}^2]$ |
| 1932 | 1930 | $\Omega=N\cup (N+1)$ |
| 1933 | 1931 | $\alpha\le 1$ |
| 1934 | 1932 | $X=0$ |
| 1935 | 1933 | $\sigma_n^2 = x_n^2\lambda_n$ |
| 1936 | 1934 | $r = r_1 + r_2$ |
| 1937 | 1935 | $T(X)$ |
| 1938 | 1936 | $\mathsf{Pr}(N=n)=e^{-\lambda}\lambda^n/n!$ |
| 1939 | 1937 | $ is allowable (oscillating) but tilts with mean $ |
| 1940 | 1938 | $5 \times 10^{10}$ |
| 1941 | 1939 | $m_2$ |
| 1942 | 1940 | $\sigma^2=1/\lambda$ |
| 1943 | 1941 | $\kappa(\theta)=\log \sum_n e^{\theta n}/n!$ |
| 1944 | 1942 | $697.6 billion underlying @tbl-equity-what-if this implies $ |
| 1945 | 1943 | $8.617 \times 10^{22}$ |
| 1946 | 1944 | $c(y)$ |
| 1947 | 1945 | $(\alpha-1)(p-1)=-1$ |
| 1948 | 1946 | $\cos{}$ |
| 1949 | 1947 | $Mg,Fe)SiO_3$ |
| 1950 | 1948 | $n\times n$ |
| 1951 | 1949 | $Y_\nu$ |
| 1952 | 1950 | $(\beta)$ |
| 1953 | 1951 | $A\in\A$ |
| 1954 | 1952 | $S:(\Omega, \F) \to (L,\A)$ |
| 1955 | 1953 | $10 - 10^2$ |
| 1956 | 1954 | $0<\alpha< 1$ |
| 1957 | 1955 | $E\subset U_0$ |
| 1958 | 1956 | $0.01 \text{ kWh/GB}$ |
| 1959 | 1957 | $\bar A^{1}_{x:n\!\urcorner}$ |
| 1960 | 1958 | $N=\sum_{i\in I} N_i + N_a$ |
| 1961 | 1959 | $l = L/P$ |
| 1962 | 1960 | $2/\sqrt{a}= 2\nu/(1-f)$ |
| 1963 | 1961 | $m_i(s)\to\mathsf E[X_i]$ |
| 1964 | 1962 | $<1$ |
| 1965 | 1963 | $\F\subset\mathscr P(\Omega)$ |
| 1966 | 1964 | $b=1/f$ |
| 1967 | 1965 | $y=-x$ |
| 1968 | 1966 | $b>0$ |
| 1969 | 1967 | $\mathsf{Pr}(T=n)$ |
| 1970 | 1968 | $n=1,2,3,\dots$ |
| 1971 | 1969 | $C_v = \frac{5}{2}R$ |
| 1972 | 1970 | $PV = nRT$ |
| 1973 | 1971 | $10^{9}$ |
| 1974 | 1972 | $A=g^a\pmod p$ |
| 1975 | 1973 | $\int_K^\infty \mathbb{P}(|X_i| > t) \, dt$ |
| 1976 | 1974 | $n\ge 1$ |
| 1977 | 1975 | $-4$ |
| 1978 | 1976 | $\mathsf{E}[D_t \mid \F_{t-1}] = \mathsf{E}[X_t - X_{t-1} \mid \F_{t-1}] = 0$ |
| 1979 | 1977 | $P(\{ω\}, ω) = 1$ |
| 1980 | 1978 | $\kappa(\theta)$ |
| 1981 | 1979 | $b=-1$ |
| 1982 | 1980 | $w$ |
| 1983 | 1981 | $\lambda(e^\theta-1)$ |
| 1984 | 1982 | $e^{\theta x - t\kappa_X(\theta)}f_t(x)$ |
| 1985 | 1983 | $-br-v=0.341$ |
| 1986 | 1984 | $V(0)=1$ |
| 1987 | 1985 | $\mathbb{R}\to\mathbb{R}$ |
| 1988 | 1986 | $\psi(S(\omega), t)=1_{L(t)}(S(\omega))$ |
| 1989 | 1987 | $\forall E\in\A,\ \exists N\in\B:\ QN=0$ |
| 1990 | 1988 | $\Phi$ |
| 1991 | 1989 | $X = \{X_t, t \geq 0\}$ |
| 1992 | 1990 | $D_0 = \mathsf{E}[X]$ |
| 1993 | 1991 | $\phi:(L, \A) \to (M, \B)$ |
| 1994 | 1992 | $\mathscr G$ |
| 1995 | 1993 | $F^{\times}_{359}$ |
| 1996 | 1994 | $m_1=m+b$ |
| 1997 | 1995 | $\exp(h(y))$ |
| 1998 | 1996 | $\theta=\mu$ |
| 1999 | 1997 | $R = 8.314 \, \text{J/(mol·K)}$ |
| 2000 | 1998 | $nb$ |
| 2001 | 1999 | $E\setminus E\in R$ |
| 2002 | 2000 | $V(\cdot)$ |
| 2003 | 2001 | $X_s$ |
| 2004 | 2002 | $P(N, ω) = 1$ |
| 2005 | 2003 | $ is a gamma process with density $ |
| 2006 | 2004 | $N'/\alpha a\le w$ |
| 2007 | 2005 | $1 \le l \le n-1$ |
| 2008 | 2006 | $kP$ |
| 2009 | 2007 | $ and rate $ |
| 2010 | 2008 | $:=a$ |
| 2011 | 2009 | $\mathcal{W}(g, W)$ |
| 2012 | 2010 | $f_X$ |
| 2013 | 2011 | $1 \times 10^{16}$ |
| 2014 | 2012 | ${}_tq_x=1-{{}_tp_x}$ |
| 2015 | 2013 | $\mathsf{E}[X_T] = \mathsf{E}[X_0]$ |
| 2016 | 2014 | $y=kx$ |
| 2017 | 2015 | $\epsilon$ |
| 2018 | 2016 | $[\theta_r, \theta_d]$ |
| 2019 | 2017 | $Y_n$ |
| 2020 | 2018 | $p=(2+\bar\alpha)/(1+\bar\alpha)$ |
| 2021 | 2019 | $\alpha/\beta$ |
| 2022 | 2020 | $Y=e^{-X}$ |
| 2023 | 2021 | $\mu h<\infty$ |
| 2024 | 2022 | $10^{-18} - 10^{-22}$ |
| 2025 | 2023 | $\px=\P(\bigcup_i (B\cap A_i)$ |
| 2026 | 2024 | $, $ |
| 2027 | 2025 | $i$ |
| 2028 | 2026 | $s_3$ |
| 2029 | 2027 | $g'(S(X))$ |
| 2030 | 2028 | $g(t)=h(t)\{ l(t) < 1\}$ |
| 2031 | 2029 | $a<1$ |
| 2032 | 2030 | $v_X = \text{Var}_{0.99}(X)$ |
| 2033 | 2031 | $(L, \A)$ |
| 2034 | 2032 | $\mathsf{E}[1_A\mid\G]$ |
| 2035 | 2033 | $=kA$ |
| 2036 | 2034 | $11$ |
| 2037 | 2035 | $h_2$ |
| 2038 | 2036 | $\log_2\ge 1$ |
| 2039 | 2037 | $\bar L_i$ |
| 2040 | 2038 | $\A=\{A_1,A_2,\dots\}$ |
| 2041 | 2039 | $i=A,E$ |
| 2042 | 2040 | $\mathsf{E}[N]$ |
| 2043 | 2041 | $g=\mathsf{E}(G^3)=\nu^3 \mathsf{skew}(G')+3c+1$ |
| 2044 | 2042 | $C$ |
| 2045 | 2043 | $\mu=-\sigma^2/2$ |
| 2046 | 2044 | $X_\infty=\mathsf{E}[Y\mid\F_{\infty^-}]$ |
| 2047 | 2045 | $\mathsf{Pr}(X_n=0)=1-1/n$ |
| 2048 | 2046 | $\mu(A) = \nu(A)$ |
| 2049 | 2047 | $(T\lambda)g=\mu g$ |
| 2050 | 2048 | $g(s)=vs +d > s$ |
| 2051 | 2049 | $\mathsf{E}[X]=1$ |
| 2052 | 2050 | $F = G m_1 m_2 / r^2$ |
| 2053 | 2051 | $\mathsf P(A)$ |
| 2054 | 2052 | $\mu\sqrt{\mu^2+4\mu}$ |
| 2055 | 2053 | $\int_A Xd\P$ |
| 2056 | 2054 | $g(\mu)=\eta$ |
| 2057 | 2055 | $10^1$ |
| 2058 | 2056 | $\lambda(F(x_2)-F(x_1))$ |
| 2059 | 2057 | $D_t = X_t - X_{t-1}$ |
| 2060 | 2058 | $0<\epsilon<1$ |
| 2061 | 2059 | $A\in\G_Y$ |
| 2062 | 2060 | $2 \times 10^{19}$ |
| 2063 | 2061 | $j$ |
| 2064 | 2062 | $\beta>0$ |
| 2065 | 2063 | $\mathsf{E}[X_1\mid X > a^*]$ |
| 2066 | 2064 | $Y=\{y_1,\dots,y_n\}$ |
| 2067 | 2065 | $4l + 2$ |
| 2068 | 2066 | $y_{1}=2$ |
| 2069 | 2067 | $T_x$ |
| 2070 | 2068 | $\bar A$ |
| 2071 | 2069 | $1, 2, 10$ |
| 2072 | 2070 | $j(x)=1/x^{a+1}$ |
| 2073 | 2071 | $\nu(B)=\int_B 1_A\,d\P$ |
| 2074 | 2072 | $nG$ |
| 2075 | 2073 | $V_\nu$ |
| 2076 | 2074 | $c^*$ |
| 2077 | 2075 | $V(\mu)=e^\mu$ |
| 2078 | 2076 | $A, B$ |
| 2079 | 2077 | $\theta=\log(p)<0$ |
| 2080 | 2078 | $X_2$ |
| 2081 | 2079 | $\lambda\downarrow 0$ |
| 2082 | 2080 | $g(s)$ |
| 2083 | 2081 | $y\in Y$ |
| 2084 | 2082 | $B\in\mathsf{E}E$ |
| 2085 | 2083 | $\omega'\in\Delta_\omega$ |
| 2086 | 2084 | $(\Omega, \B)$ |
| 2087 | 2085 | $c_1=c_2=0$ |
| 2088 | 2086 | $n=2$ |
| 2089 | 2087 | $\Omega\times\Omega$ |
| 2090 | 2088 | $\mathsf{E}[\cdot\mid\G]$ |
| 2091 | 2089 | $\mathsf{E}[X_\nu]=\nu\mathsf{E}[X_1]$ |
| 2092 | 2090 | $\Gamma = \{(\omega,\omega)\}$ |
| 2093 | 2091 | $\hat F(t)=\phi(-2\pi t)$ |
| 2094 | 2092 | $W$ |
| 2095 | 2093 | $n=3$ |
| 2096 | 2094 | $\kappa_1'(-\kappa(\theta))\kappa'(\theta)=1$ |
| 2097 | 2095 | $\approx 0.9999999999$ |
| 2098 | 2096 | $\max_{s\le t} X_s - X_t$ |
| 2099 | 2097 | $m^2$ |
| 2100 | 2098 | $2^{-1}$ |
| 2101 | 2099 | $\mathcal F$ |
| 2102 | 2100 | $g=3$ |
| 2103 | 2101 | $T\P$ |
| 2104 | 2102 | $10^{19}$ |
| 2105 | 2103 | $b = B/P = 1/1.2 = 0.83$ |
| 2106 | 2104 | $\int_{-f_{\max{}}}^{f_{\max{}}}$ |
| 2107 | 2105 | $J(x)$ |
| 2108 | 2106 | $X\equiv 1$ |
| 2109 | 2107 | $E\in\A_y\ \forall y\in Y\setminus N$ |
| 2110 | 2108 | $\{E\subset\Omega\mid E\in\sigma(\C'), \C'\subset\sigma(\C),\text{ countable}\}$ |
| 2111 | 2109 | $g(\mu)=\log\mu$ |
| 2112 | 2110 | $\mathsf{E}(G^3)=g$ |
| 2113 | 2111 | $X_t=t-G_t$ |
| 2114 | 2112 | $ is constant. This NEF is regular because $ |
| 2115 | 2113 | $(X_N-a)^-$ |
| 2116 | 2114 | $(X,\F,\P)$ |
| 2117 | 2115 | $T^2$ |
| 2118 | 2116 | $\Phi(a, b)=(\phi(f(a)), \phi(b))$ |
| 2119 | 2117 | $(\P,\sigma(T))$ |
| 2120 | 2118 | $X = X_1 + X_2$ |
| 2121 | 2119 | $(x+b)$ |
| 2122 | 2120 | $c(y)=\dfrac{1}{\pi}\dfrac{1}{1+y^2}$ |
| 2123 | 2121 | $S(\omega)=\omega$ |
| 2124 | 2122 | $\G=\{ b(a_i,2^{-j}) \}_{i,j}$ |
| 2125 | 2123 | $B(b)$ |
| 2126 | 2124 | $\mu=0$ |
| 2127 | 2125 | $ corresponding to an extreme stable distribution with $ |
| 2128 | 2126 | $0.999999$ |
| 2129 | 2127 | $g(s)=d + vs$ |
| 2130 | 2128 | $1 \times 10^{23}$ |
| 2131 | 2129 | $M(t)=\mathsf E[\exp(tx)]=\phi(-it)$ |
| 2132 | 2130 | $e^x-1$ |
| 2133 | 2131 | $\to 0$ |
| 2134 | 2132 | $Pa$ |
| 2135 | 2133 | $Y=\mathrm{ED}(\mu, \sigma^2)$ |
| 2136 | 2134 | $A\in \A$ |
| 2137 | 2135 | $\tan{}$ |
| 2138 | 2136 | $\mathcal{F}_n$ |
| 2139 | 2137 | $\Q=\pi_Y(\R)$ |
| 2140 | 2138 | ${{}_tp_x}=\exp(-\int_0^t \mu_{x+s}ds)$ |
| 2141 | 2139 | $k(\theta)=\left(\int c(y)e^{\theta y}dy\right)^{-1}$ |
| 2142 | 2140 | $K_T(\theta)=-\log(1-\theta/\lambda)$ |
| 2143 | 2141 | $\F_1 \subset \F$ |
| 2144 | 2142 | $V(\mu)=\mathsf{Var}(\mathsf{CP}_1)=\mu x_2$ |
| 2145 | 2143 | $(E\cap U) + x$ |
| 2146 | 2144 | $\leftrightarrow$ |
| 2147 | 2145 | $e+l+r^*$ |
| 2148 | 2146 | $V_X(m)=m$ |
| 2149 | 2147 | $B\subset Y$ |
| 2150 | 2148 | $b^2 \mu_x /2$ |
| 2151 | 2149 | $\lambda \uparrow 1$ |
| 2152 | 2150 | $B$ |
| 2153 | 2151 | $-br-v$ |
| 2154 | 2152 | $-9$ |
| 2155 | 2153 | $\theta\to 0$ |
| 2156 | 2154 | $c_1, c_2\ge 0$ |
| 2157 | 2155 | $-\theta - \lambda(e^{-\theta} - 1)) = y$ |
| 2158 | 2156 | $B_i$ |
| 2159 | 2157 | $= 1 - T_\mathrm{sink} / T_\mathrm{source}$ |
| 2160 | 2158 | $\alpha_Y$ |
| 2161 | 2159 | $5.97 \times 10^{24}$ |
| 2162 | 2160 | $V(\mu)=1/(\tau^{-1})'(\mu)=\mu^3$ |
| 2163 | 2161 | $t\ge 0$ |
| 2164 | 2162 | $\alpha \mu(U_n) \le \mu(E\cap U_n)$ |
| 2165 | 2163 | $X-100$ |
| 2166 | 2164 | $B_1,B_2\in\F$ |
| 2167 | 2165 | $\mathsf{Var}(G)=c$ |
| 2168 | 2166 | $\nu<1$ |
| 2169 | 2167 | $\tF$ |
| 2170 | 2168 | $c=0$ |
| 2171 | 2169 | $x \!\urcorner$ |
| 2172 | 2170 | $K_\delta$ |
| 2173 | 2171 | $-6$ |
| 2174 | 2172 | $\mathsf{Pr}(\mathsf{CP}(\lambda)=0)=e^{-\lambda}$ |
| 2175 | 2173 | $\delta(t)$ |
| 2176 | 2174 | $nu$ |
| 2177 | 2175 | $B\mapsto\P(B\mid\G)(\omega)$ |
| 2178 | 2176 | $\mathsf{Pr}(X\le x)$ |
| 2179 | 2177 | $\mathcal F = \{F_\alpha\mid \alpha<\omega_c\}$ |
| 2180 | 2178 | $n_{\text{water, initial}}$ |
| 2181 | 2179 | $e^z/z$ |
| 2182 | 2180 | $H(x)\not=H(y)$ |
| 2183 | 2181 | $\B$ |
| 2184 | 2182 | $p\to\infty$ |
| 2185 | 2183 | $T\P(A)=\P(T^{-1}(A))>0$ |
| 2186 | 2184 | $B=2.7\times 10^{-6}$ |
| 2187 | 2185 | $\mu_1 = \mu_2$ |
| 2188 | 2186 | $\mu^p$ |
| 2189 | 2187 | $P = 1 \, \text{GPa} = 1 \times 10^9 \, \text{Pascals}$ |
| 2190 | 2188 | $\omega\in B_1\cup\dots\cup B_r$ |
| 2191 | 2189 | $10^{-43}$ |
| 2192 | 2190 | $\mathsf{Pr}(L=l)$ |
| 2193 | 2191 | $P_t f$ |
| 2194 | 2192 | $(\bar a_x - \bar a_{b\!\urcorner})/\bar a_x$ |
| 2195 | 2193 | $\ge 1$ |
| 2196 | 2194 | $T_x=x$ |
| 2197 | 2195 | $\mu_1$ |
| 2198 | 2196 | $\sech$ |
| 2199 | 2197 | $\mathbf{B}$ |
| 2200 | 2198 | $\theta$ |
| 2201 | 2199 | $5/8, 1/4, 1/8$ |
| 2202 | 2200 | $\P(B\mid\A)=\P(B)$ |
| 2203 | 2201 | $F = U - TS$ |
| 2204 | 2202 | $L^r$ |
| 2205 | 2203 | $\mu\{ l>1\}=0$ |
| 2206 | 2204 | $i=\sqrt{-1}$ |
| 2207 | 2205 | $2aw=0.0035$ |
| 2208 | 2206 | $X=a$ |
| 2209 | 2207 | $D-N = \sum_{i\in I} (D_i-N_i) - N_a$ |
| 2210 | 2208 | $W(t)$ |
| 2211 | 2209 | $(1-\alpha)M$ |
| 2212 | 2210 | $s>0$ |
| 2213 | 2211 | $\kappa_T(y)= -\theta=\log(w(y))$ |
| 2214 | 2212 | $n\log_2(n)$ |
| 2215 | 2213 | $A=F\triangle Q$ |
| 2216 | 2214 | $(a,b)$ |
| 2217 | 2215 | $\mathrm{ED}(\mu, \sigma^2 / n_i)$ |
| 2218 | 2216 | $X_n(\omega)=1$ |
| 2219 | 2217 | $\{\omega\mid p(\omega, A(\omega))=1 \}$ |
| 2220 | 2218 | $X$ |
| 2221 | 2219 | $r \leq p$ |
| 2222 | 2220 | $\theta=\nu\lambda$ |
| 2223 | 2221 | $\mathsf{Pr}(B=1)=\mathsf{Pr}(X>x)=p$ |
| 2224 | 2222 | $x^{-3}$ |
| 2225 | 2223 | $(\bar P_{x+b} - \bar P_x)\bar a_{x+b}=\bar A_{x+b}-\bar P_x \bar a_{x+b}=: {}_b\bar V$ |
| 2226 | 2224 | $\hat\theta_s$ |
| 2227 | 2225 | $20$ |
| 2228 | 2226 | $1.805$ |
| 2229 | 2227 | $\alpha=1$ |
| 2230 | 2228 | $\mu=\lambda/ \psi$ |
| 2231 | 2229 | $G\in \sigma(\A\otimes \B)$ |
| 2232 | 2230 | $p(B, y)$ |
| 2233 | 2231 | $\Gamma$ |
| 2234 | 2232 | $z=1$ |
| 2235 | 2233 | $m_X(s)\to\mathsf E[X] + k$ |
| 2236 | 2234 | $Y_\epsilon$ |
| 2237 | 2235 | $15$ |
| 2238 | 2236 | $\int_0^a \alpha_2(x)F(x)\, dx$ |
| 2239 | 2237 | $\alpha=0.99$ |
| 2240 | 2238 | $\int_B \P(A\mid\G)(\omega)\,\P(d\omega)$ |
| 2241 | 2239 | $-\kappa_1(-\kappa(\theta))=\theta$ |
| 2242 | 2240 | $f_0\in\mathcal K$ |
| 2243 | 2241 | $\mu=21.315$ |
| 2244 | 2242 | $\P(A_0)=0$ |
| 2245 | 2243 | $h_1$ |
| 2246 | 2244 | $g:[0,1]\to [0,1]$ |
| 2247 | 2245 | $g(s)=s^{0.72}$ |
| 2248 | 2246 | $\F\times\Omega\to [0,1]$ |
| 2249 | 2247 | $380,000$ |
| 2250 | 2248 | $\mathcal{W}(g, W)\subset \mathcal{W}$ |
| 2251 | 2249 | $\frac{1}{2}\sech(\pi y/2)$ |
| 2252 | 2250 | $t^a$ |
| 2253 | 2251 | $\bar y$ |
| 2254 | 2252 | $p=\frac{\alpha-2}{\alpha-1}$ |
| 2255 | 2253 | $\forall A\ \forall p\ [\forall x\in A\ \exists !y\ \phi(x, y, p)\rightarrow\exists Y\ \forall x\in A\ \exists y\in Y\phi(x, y,p)]$ |
| 2256 | 2254 | $0\in\Omega_p$ |
| 2257 | 2255 | $l=0,1,\dots,n/2+1$ |
| 2258 | 2256 | $(1, 2, 3, \dots)$ |
| 2259 | 2257 | $m=0$ |
| 2260 | 2258 | $10^{-1}$ |
| 2261 | 2259 | $ is accumulated profit from an inflow of premium 1 per unit time and a cumulative claims process $ |
| 2262 | 2260 | $V(m)=m^3$ |
| 2263 | 2261 | $T\lambda$ |
| 2264 | 2262 | $\G=\sigma(A_1,\dots,A_r)$ |
| 2265 | 2263 | $aw$ |
| 2266 | 2264 | $\mi(\mu):=\mathsf{Var}(s)$ |
| 2267 | 2265 | $(i,j)$ |
| 2268 | 2266 | $x_2\leftrightarrow y_1$ |
| 2269 | 2267 | $e$ |
| 2270 | 2268 | $\frac{1}{4}(1 + 8\mu-\sqrt{1+8\mu})$ |
| 2271 | 2269 | $e(fT, y) = f(y)$ |
| 2272 | 2270 | $I=[0,P)$ |
| 2273 | 2271 | $(y-t)/V(t)$ |
| 2274 | 2272 | $p=1.995$ |
| 2275 | 2273 | $B\in\G$ |
| 2276 | 2274 | $\mathsf{Pr}(L'\ge l)$ |
| 2277 | 2275 | $q(1-s)$ |
| 2278 | 2276 | $A(\omega)$ |
| 2279 | 2277 | $X_\nu$ |
| 2280 | 2278 | $\mathsf{Pr}(|X_n(\omega)-X(\omega)|>\epsilon)\to 0$ |
| 2281 | 2279 | $x\!\!\urcorner$ |
| 2282 | 2280 | $\H$ |
| 2283 | 2281 | $1 million punitive award is grossly excessive and unconstitutional in a case where Dr. Mann had only $ |
| 2284 | 2282 | $\mathsf{E}[X\mid T] = \phi(T)$ |
| 2285 | 2283 | $X_i=x_i$ |
| 2286 | 2284 | $T_1 = 20°C = 293.15$ |
| 2287 | 2285 | $(-\infty,0)\subset\Theta$ |
| 2288 | 2286 | $x_{ij}$ |
| 2289 | 2287 | $\delta\to 0$ |
| 2290 | 2288 | $\psi(S,T)$ |
| 2291 | 2289 | $\sigma(G)$ |
| 2292 | 2290 | $\tau(\theta):=\kappa'(\theta)=\mu$ |
| 2293 | 2291 | $X_2=100$ |
| 2294 | 2292 | $\alpha=0$ |
| 2295 | 2293 | $S\P(A) = \P(S\in A)$ |
| 2296 | 2294 | $n\to \infty$ |
| 2297 | 2295 | $\theta_s$ |
| 2298 | 2296 | $T_0=T-1$ |
| 2299 | 2297 | $\F_1$ |
| 2300 | 2298 | $q(p^*)=0.0$ |
| 2301 | 2299 | $X_{i}=\mathsf{CP}(j_n({x_i})\delta, {x_i})-j_n({x_i})\delta {x_i}$ |
| 2302 | 2300 | $f^{-1}(\BB(\mathbb{R})) = \sigma(A_n)$ |
| 2303 | 2301 | $ on $ |
| 2304 | 2302 | $P$ |
| 2305 | 2303 | $2^{256}\approx 10^{77}$ |
| 2306 | 2304 | $T\P(A)=\P(T^{-1}(A))$ |
| 2307 | 2305 | $T = 2L / \sqrt{g d}$ |
| 2308 | 2306 | $x\subset X\leftrightarrow \forall z(z\in x\rightarrow z\in X)$ |
| 2309 | 2307 | $g_n(x)=f_j(x)$ |
| 2310 | 2308 | $\approx 1$ |
| 2311 | 2309 | $p=0$ |
| 2312 | 2310 | $J(x)<\infty$ |
| 2313 | 2311 | $\displaystyle\int_B \P(A\mid\G)\,d\P$ |
| 2314 | 2312 | $d\bar S_i/da$ |
| 2315 | 2313 | $V_1 / V_2 = 12:1$ |
| 2316 | 2314 | $\phi(x)/x$ |
| 2317 | 2315 | $\forall X[\forall x\in X(x\not=\emptyset) \wedge \forall x\in X\forall y\in X(x=y\vee x\cap y=\emptyset)]\rightarrow\exists S\forall x\in X\exists !z(z\in S\wedge z\in x)$ |
| 2318 | 2316 | $\mathsf{VaR}_p(X)-f(\mathsf{VaR}_p(X))$ |
| 2319 | 2317 | $(L,\A)$ |
| 2320 | 2318 | $x^2\mathsf{Var}[N]$ |
| 2321 | 2319 | $m_1=am$ |
| 2322 | 2320 | $10^{11}$ |
| 2323 | 2321 | $\mathsf{Pr}(B=0)=1-p$ |
| 2324 | 2322 | $\\alpha=1$ |
| 2325 | 2323 | $\mu+\mu^3/2+(\mu^2/2)\sqrt{2+\mu^2}$ |
| 2326 | 2324 | $\omega=\exp(2\pi i / n)$ |
| 2327 | 2325 | $|\mathcal{W}(g,W)|$ |
| 2328 | 2326 | $J(x) - J(x+dx) \approx j(x)dx$ |
| 2329 | 2327 | $x_{\max{}} = x_{\min{}} + n$ |
| 2330 | 2328 | $\theta>0$ |
| 2331 | 2329 | $(m+1)$ |
| 2332 | 2330 | $\lim_{\mu\to 0} V(\mu)/\mu=\delta:=\inf\,\{S\setminus \{0 \}\}$ |
| 2333 | 2331 | $\approx 10^{-5}$ |
| 2334 | 2332 | $X(ω)$ |
| 2335 | 2333 | $6 \times 10^7$ |
| 2336 | 2334 | $b$ |
| 2337 | 2335 | $T^2 \propto r^3$ |
| 2338 | 2336 | $\alpha < 2$ |
| 2339 | 2337 | $A\subset[0,1]$ |
| 2340 | 2338 | $A^c$ |
| 2341 | 2339 | $\mathsf{Pr}(N=n)=p_n$ |
| 2342 | 2340 | $\{\lambda_t\}, with $ |
| 2343 | 2341 | $PV = kNT$ |
| 2344 | 2342 | $\mathsf{CP}(1,X)$ |
| 2345 | 2343 | $\phi:M\to\mathbb{R}$ |
| 2346 | 2344 | $b=12$ |
| 2347 | 2345 | $\mathsf{E}[X_x] = 0$ |
| 2348 | 2346 | $\eta$ |
| 2349 | 2347 | $A\in \F$ |
| 2350 | 2348 | $10^{27}$ |
| 2351 | 2349 | $\Omega$ |
| 2352 | 2350 | $j(x)=x^{-\alpha-1}$ |
| 2353 | 2351 | $f_X\sim cf_Y$ |
| 2354 | 2352 | $C= \mathrm{conv}(S)^-$ |
| 2355 | 2353 | $A_i=\{X=x_i\}$ |
| 2356 | 2354 | $\P(B\cap A)$ |
| 2357 | 2355 | $K=B^a=A^b=g^{ab}\pmod p$ |
| 2358 | 2356 | $E[\tau]$ |
| 2359 | 2357 | $\int_0^1 x^2j(x)\,dx<\infty$ |
| 2360 | 2358 | $\nu\ge 0$ |
| 2361 | 2359 | $\scriptstyle #1$ |
| 2362 | 2360 | $\theta\mapsto -\kappa_1(\theta)$ |
| 2363 | 2361 | $\sigma_s=0$ |
| 2364 | 2362 | $x_2\leftrightarrow y_2$ |
| 2365 | 2363 | $\sup_{\theta\in\Theta} y\theta-\kappa(\theta)$ |
| 2366 | 2364 | $\mathsf{Pr}(T_x<\infty)=1$ |
| 2367 | 2365 | $\mathsf{Var}(Y)=\mu^2/\alpha$ |
| 2368 | 2366 | $nt$ |
| 2369 | 2367 | $y_{3}=7$ |
| 2370 | 2368 | $\P(B\mid \G)$ |
| 2371 | 2369 | $\forall x\forall y[\forall z(z \in x \leftrightarrow z \in y)\rightarrow x=y]$ |
| 2372 | 2370 | $\mathcal{F}_t = \sigma(X_s : s \leq t)$ |
| 2373 | 2371 | $F_{\bar X}(x)=p_1F_1(x) + p_2F_2(x)$ |
| 2374 | 2372 | $1 \times 10^{10}$ |
| 2375 | 2373 | $f_t$ |
| 2376 | 2374 | $F\subset M$ |
| 2377 | 2375 | $\bar\theta_s<0.5$ |
| 2378 | 2376 | $J(0)$ |
| 2379 | 2377 | $\alpha\in [0,1)$ |
| 2380 | 2378 | $\mathsf{Pr}(X_n=Y)=\mathsf{Pr}(X=Y)=0$ |
| 2381 | 2379 | $. It falls into the compensated IACP, case 3 group, discussed in [Part III](./2020-10-20-Probability-Models-for-Insurance-Losses/), and takes any real value, positive or negative, despite only having negative jumps. It has a thick left tail and thin right tail. Its mean is zero, but the variance does not exist. A tilt with $ |
| 2382 | 2380 | $[a, b]$ |
| 2383 | 2381 | $X_t = ct+\sigma B_t$ |
| 2384 | 2382 | $1000 \, \text{kg/m}^3$ |
| 2385 | 2383 | $2.725$ |
| 2386 | 2384 | $p\uparrow 2$ |
| 2387 | 2385 | $\mathsf E(G)= f + \mathsf E(G') = 1$ |
| 2388 | 2386 | $c_1,c_2\ge 0$ |
| 2389 | 2387 | $\mu=\tau(\theta)=ne^\theta/(1+e^\theta)=np$ |
| 2390 | 2388 | $\approx 27\%$ |
| 2391 | 2389 | $v=1/1.15 = 0.87$ |
| 2392 | 2390 | $X_n(\omega)\to 0$ |
| 2393 | 2391 | $\tau$ |
| 2394 | 2392 | $\log$ |
| 2395 | 2393 | $\theta=-\mu^{-1}$ |
| 2396 | 2394 | $L$ |
| 2397 | 2395 | $x\mapsto x^c$ |
| 2398 | 2396 | $\int_A m(Y)d\P=\int_A m(Y(\omega))\P(d\omega)$ |
| 2399 | 2397 | $(\Omega, \F, \P, \{\F_t\}_{t \geq 0})$ |
| 2400 | 2398 | $kX$ |
| 2401 | 2399 | $\int (r-\mu)f=0$ |
| 2402 | 2400 | $N_t - A_t = 1 - T$ |
| 2403 | 2401 | $P(·, ω)$ |
| 2404 | 2402 | $\{S\le T\}$ |
| 2405 | 2403 | $X^{\tau_n}$ |
| 2406 | 2404 | $1$ |
| 2407 | 2405 | $d\mu = \kappa''(\theta)d\theta$ |
| 2408 | 2406 | $+\frac{1}{2}$ |
| 2409 | 2407 | $9$ |
| 2410 | 2408 | $B\mapsto p(\omega, B)$ |
| 2411 | 2409 | $\mathsf{E}(G)=M_G'(0)=1$ |
| 2412 | 2410 | $(x-a)^+\wedge b$ |
| 2413 | 2411 | $2.44 > 2 \times 1.2$ |
| 2414 | 2412 | $E=U+T=-T$ |
| 2415 | 2413 | $e^{-\lambda}>0$ |
| 2416 | 2414 | $r_2 = 3852972862.741849 \approx 3,852,972,862.7$ |
| 2417 | 2415 | $x^n=e^{n\log(x)}$ |
| 2418 | 2416 | $\kappa(\theta(\mu))=n\log(n/(n+\mu))$ |
| 2419 | 2417 | $E[X_\tau]$ |
| 2420 | 2418 | $\mathbb R^\times$ |
| 2421 | 2419 | $2/\sqrt{\alpha}$ |
| 2422 | 2420 | $\phantom{P}= \displaystyle\frac{1}{1+r}\,\mathrm{EL} + \displaystyle\frac{r}{1+r}\,a$ |
| 2423 | 2421 | $A_n \downarrow A$ |
| 2424 | 2422 | $G=G_1-1$ |
| 2425 | 2423 | $\{X_t\}_{t \geq 0}$ |
| 2426 | 2424 | $\times T=\rho T$ |
| 2427 | 2425 | $1 \times 10^{17}$ |
| 2428 | 2426 | $k\in\mathbb Z$ |
| 2429 | 2427 | $I_k$ |
| 2430 | 2428 | $\alpha=n/2,\beta=1/2$ |
| 2431 | 2429 | $r\in\mathbb{R}$ |
| 2432 | 2430 | $\P(\Omega\mid\G)_{\omega_0}=1$ |
| 2433 | 2431 | $5 \times 10^5$ |
| 2434 | 2432 | $p\leftrightarrow p_1 = 3-p$ |
| 2435 | 2433 | $\mu/V(\mu)$ |
| 2436 | 2434 | $0 \le \alpha \le 1$ |
| 2437 | 2435 | $r^*$ |
| 2438 | 2436 | $6$ |
| 2439 | 2437 | $p=2$ |
| 2440 | 2438 | $q_1$ |
| 2441 | 2439 | $0.4$ |
| 2442 | 2440 | $g=W$ |
| 2443 | 2441 | $\Omega\times\F$ |
| 2444 | 2442 | $\mu(F)=0$ |
| 2445 | 2443 | $\Delta = g^{-1}(\Delta_\mathbb{R})$ |
| 2446 | 2444 | $\bigcup_{i=1}^{\infty} A_i \in \mathcal{M}$ |
| 2447 | 2445 | $10^{-3}$ |
| 2448 | 2446 | $T_\nu$ |
| 2449 | 2447 | $n\ge 2$ |
| 2450 | 2448 | $x=60$ |
| 2451 | 2449 | $\sqrt{2Np}$ |
| 2452 | 2450 | $=\displaystyle\int_{T^{-1}(B)}^{\phantom{X}} \mathsf{var}phi(T) \,d\P\quad$ |
| 2453 | 2451 | $b=1$ |
| 2454 | 2452 | $D_t$ |
| 2455 | 2453 | $T\lambda \ll \mu$ |
| 2456 | 2454 | $y_1 < y_2$ |
| 2457 | 2455 | $\int |X_n(\omega) - X(\omega)|^p\, \mathsf{Pr}(d\omega)\to 0$ |
| 2458 | 2456 | $p=e^\theta$ |
| 2459 | 2457 | $v=1-d$ |
| 2460 | 2458 | $m(y)$ |
| 2461 | 2459 | $\alpha_X > 2$ |
| 2462 | 2460 | $[0,1] \times \{y\} \subset X$ |
| 2463 | 2461 | $t_l = l f_{\max{}} / n$ |
| 2464 | 2462 | $l(t)<\infty$ |
| 2465 | 2463 | $x\to 0$ |
| 2466 | 2464 | $K(t)=\log M(t)$ |
| 2467 | 2465 | $a_1,a_2\in A$ |
| 2468 | 2466 | $16$ |
| 2469 | 2467 | $\mu=T\lambda$ |
| 2470 | 2468 | $Y_l:=\mathsf{CP}(J(1), X_l)$ |
| 2471 | 2469 | $n\ge N$ |
| 2472 | 2470 | $1 million in punitive damages from Steyn, $ |
| 2473 | 2471 | $\G=\sigma(\A)$ |
| 2474 | 2472 | $\sup_\Omega |X_n - X| \to 0$ |
| 2475 | 2473 | $\mathsf{Var}(X)=\mathsf{E}[X^2]-\mathsf{E}[X]^2$ |
| 2476 | 2474 | $\mathsf{E}[e^{\theta X_t}] = e^{t\,\kappa_X(\theta)}$ |
| 2477 | 2475 | $(x_i, y_{k(i)})$ |
| 2478 | 2476 | $T:(\Omega,\F)\to (E,\mathsf{E}E)$ |
| 2479 | 2477 | $\int X=0$ |
| 2480 | 2478 | $\omega_0$ |
| 2481 | 2479 | $\Delta\in\F\otimes\F$ |
| 2482 | 2480 | $\mu(a+b\mu)$ |
| 2483 | 2481 | $n=2^{\log_2}$ |
| 2484 | 2482 | $\lambda < 1$ |
| 2485 | 2483 | $\beta_0+\beta_1+\beta_2$ |
| 2486 | 2484 | $\log_g(n)=a$ |
| 2487 | 2485 | $F\subset E\in \H\implies F\in \H$ |
| 2488 | 2486 | $c(k)=\binom{n+k-1}{k}$ |
| 2489 | 2487 | $M_t$ |
| 2490 | 2488 | $x_{\min{}} = m_0b$ |
| 2491 | 2489 | $(\tau^{-1})'(\mu)=1/V(\mu)=\mu^{-p}$ |
| 2492 | 2490 | $\theta < 0$ |
| 2493 | 2491 | $P^T(T=t\mid t)=\P(\{t\})=0$ |
| 2494 | 2492 | $\cos(iz)=\cosh(z)$ |
| 2495 | 2493 | $e^{\theta X_t -t\kappa_X(\theta)}$ |
| 2496 | 2494 | $0, 1, \dots, n - 1$ |
| 2497 | 2495 | $J=\{\omega\mid P(\Gamma\cap Z, \omega) = \frac{1}{2}1_\Gamma(\omega) \ \forall\Gamma\in\G\}$ |
| 2498 | 2496 | $\lambda/r<1$ |
| 2499 | 2497 | $0\leq f \leq 1$ |
| 2500 | 2498 | $\mathsf v$ |
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