diff --git a/docs/api.rst b/docs/api.rst
index a286b2c7..39051ae3 100644
--- a/docs/api.rst
+++ b/docs/api.rst
@@ -40,5 +40,6 @@ Artifact
    optuna_dashboard.artifact.upload_artifact
    optuna_dashboard.artifact.file_system.FileSystemBackend
    optuna_dashboard.artifact.boto3.Boto3Backend
+   optuna_dashboard.artifact.backoff.Backoff
    optuna_dashboard.artifact.protocol.ArtifactBackend
    optuna_dashboard.artifact.exceptions.ArtifactNotFound
diff --git a/optuna_dashboard/artifact/backoff.py b/optuna_dashboard/artifact/backoff.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..9d9fcf6b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/optuna_dashboard/artifact/backoff.py
@@ -0,0 +1,110 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import logging
+import time
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING
+
+from optuna_dashboard.artifact.exceptions import ArtifactNotFound
+
+
+_logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
+
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from typing import BinaryIO
+
+    from optuna_dashboard.artifact.protocol import ArtifactBackend
+
+
+class Backoff:
+    """An artifact backend middleware for exponential backoff.
+
+    Example:
+       .. code-block:: python
+
+          import optuna
+          from optuna_dashboard.artifact import upload_artifact
+          from optuna_dashboard.artifact.backoff import Backoff
+          from optuna_dashboard.artifact.boto3 import Boto3Backend
+
+          artifact_backend = Backoff(Boto3Backend("my-bucket"))
+
+          def objective(trial: optuna.Trial) -> float:
+              ... = trial.suggest_float("x", -10, 10)
+              file_path = generate_example_png(...)
+              upload_artifact(artifact_backend, trial, file_path)
+              return ...
+    """
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        backend: ArtifactBackend,
+        max_retries: int = 10,
+        multiplier: float = 2,
+        min_delay: float = 0.1,
+        max_delay: float = 30,
+    ) -> None:
+        # Default sleep seconds:
+        # 0.1, 0.2, 0.4, 0.8, 1.6, 3.2, 6.4, 12.8, 25.6, 30
+        self._backend = backend
+        assert max_retries > 0
+        assert multiplier > 0
+        assert min_delay > 0
+        assert max_delay > min_delay
+        self._max_retries = max_retries
+        self._multiplier = multiplier
+        self._min_delay = min_delay
+        self._max_delay = max_delay
+
+    def _get_sleep_secs(self, n_retry: int) -> float:
+        return min(self._min_delay * self._multiplier**n_retry, self._max_delay)
+
+    def open(self, artifact_id: str) -> BinaryIO:
+        for i in range(self._max_retries):
+            try:
+                return self._backend.open(artifact_id)
+            except ArtifactNotFound:
+                raise
+            except Exception as e:
+                if i == self._max_retries - 1:
+                    raise
+                else:
+                    _logger.error(f"Failed to open artifact={artifact_id} n_retry={i}", exc_info=e)
+            time.sleep(self._get_sleep_secs(i))
+        assert False, "must not reach here"
+
+    def write(self, artifact_id: str, content_body: BinaryIO) -> None:
+        for i in range(self._max_retries):
+            try:
+                self._backend.write(artifact_id, content_body)
+                break
+            except ArtifactNotFound:
+                raise
+            except Exception as e:
+                if i == self._max_retries - 1:
+                    raise
+                else:
+                    _logger.error(f"Failed to open artifact={artifact_id} n_retry={i}", exc_info=e)
+            content_body.seek(0)
+            time.sleep(self._get_sleep_secs(i))
+
+    def remove(self, artifact_id: str) -> None:
+        for i in range(self._max_retries):
+            try:
+                self._backend.remove(artifact_id)
+            except ArtifactNotFound:
+                raise
+            except Exception as e:
+                if i == self._max_retries - 1:
+                    raise
+                else:
+                    _logger.error(f"Failed to delete artifact={artifact_id}", exc_info=e)
+            time.sleep(self._get_sleep_secs(i))
+
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    # A mypy-runtime assertion to ensure that SCSBackend
+    # implements all abstract methods in ArtifactBackendProtocol.
+    from optuna_dashboard.artifact.file_system import FileSystemBackend
+
+    _: ArtifactBackend = Backoff(FileSystemBackend("."))
diff --git a/python_tests/artifact/__init__.py b/python_tests/artifact/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..e69de29b
diff --git a/python_tests/artifact/stubs.py b/python_tests/artifact/stubs.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..303b5a54
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python_tests/artifact/stubs.py
@@ -0,0 +1,59 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import copy
+import io
+import shutil
+import threading
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING
+
+from optuna_dashboard.artifact.exceptions import ArtifactNotFound
+
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from typing import BinaryIO
+
+
+class FailBackend:
+    def open(self, artifact_id: str) -> BinaryIO:
+        raise Exception("something error raised")
+
+    def write(self, artifact_id: str, content_body: BinaryIO) -> None:
+        raise Exception("something error raised")
+
+    def remove(self, artifact_id: str) -> None:
+        raise Exception("something error raised")
+
+
+class InMemoryBackend:
+    def __init__(self) -> None:
+        self._data: dict[str, io.BytesIO] = {}
+        self._lock = threading.Lock()
+
+    def open(self, artifact_id: str) -> BinaryIO:
+        with self._lock:
+            data = self._data.get(artifact_id)
+            if data is None:
+                raise ArtifactNotFound("not found")
+            return copy.deepcopy(data)
+
+    def write(self, artifact_id: str, content_body: BinaryIO) -> None:
+        buf = io.BytesIO()
+        shutil.copyfileobj(content_body, buf)
+        buf.seek(0)
+        with self._lock:
+            self._data[artifact_id] = buf
+
+    def remove(self, artifact_id: str) -> None:
+        with self._lock:
+            if artifact_id not in self._data:
+                raise ArtifactNotFound("not found")
+            del self._data[artifact_id]
+
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    # A mypy-runtime assertion to ensure that SCSBackend
+    # implements all abstract methods in ArtifactBackendProtocol.
+    from optuna_dashboard.artifact.protocol import ArtifactBackend
+
+    _fail: ArtifactBackend = FailBackend()
+    _inmemory: ArtifactBackend = InMemoryBackend()
diff --git a/python_tests/artifact/test_backoff.py b/python_tests/artifact/test_backoff.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..5d99c1b7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python_tests/artifact/test_backoff.py
@@ -0,0 +1,35 @@
+import io
+import uuid
+
+from optuna_dashboard.artifact.backoff import Backoff
+
+from .stubs import FailBackend
+from .stubs import InMemoryBackend
+
+
+def test_backoff_time() -> None:
+    backend = Backoff(
+        backend=FailBackend(),
+        min_delay=0.1,
+        multiplier=10,
+        max_delay=10,
+    )
+    assert backend._get_sleep_secs(0) == 0.1
+    assert backend._get_sleep_secs(1) == 1
+    assert backend._get_sleep_secs(2) == 10
+
+
+def test_read_and_write() -> None:
+    artifact_id = f"test-{uuid.uuid4()}"
+    dummy_content = b"Hello World"
+
+    backend = Backoff(
+        backend=InMemoryBackend(),
+        min_delay=0.1,
+        multiplier=10,
+        max_delay=10,
+    )
+    backend.write(artifact_id, io.BytesIO(dummy_content))
+    with backend.open(artifact_id) as f:
+        actual = f.read()
+    assert actual == dummy_content
diff --git a/python_tests/test_boto3_artifact.py b/python_tests/artifact/test_boto3.py
similarity index 100%
rename from python_tests/test_boto3_artifact.py
rename to python_tests/artifact/test_boto3.py
diff --git a/python_tests/test_file_system_artifact.py b/python_tests/artifact/test_file_system.py
similarity index 100%
rename from python_tests/test_file_system_artifact.py
rename to python_tests/artifact/test_file_system.py