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pyrobolearn/pyrobolearn/simulators/simulator.py
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#!/usr/bin/env python
"""Define the Simulator API.
All the simulators inherit from the interface defined here. This acts as a bridge between the simulator and
the PyRoboLearn framework. The signature of each method presents in this interface were inspired by the ones defined
in PyBullet [1,2], but in accordance with the PEP8 style guide [3].
Because the simulator is based on the PyBullet API and we want all the simulator APIs to be similar, all the other
simulators would have to be able to carry out operations such as querying the state of the robots, kinematics and
dynamics, etc.
Dependencies in PRL: None
References:
- [1] PyBullet: https://pybullet.org
- [2] PyBullet Quickstart Guide: https://docs.google.com/document/d/10sXEhzFRSnvFcl3XxNGhnD4N2SedqwdAvK3dsihxVUA
- [3] PEP8: https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0008/
"""
from pyrobolearn.utils.data_structures.orderedset import OrderedSet
__author__ = "Brian Delhaisse"
__copyright__ = "Copyright 2018, PyRoboLearn"
__credits__ = ["Brian Delhaisse"]
__license__ = "GNU GPLv3"
__version__ = "1.0.0"
__maintainer__ = "Brian Delhaisse"
__email__ = "briandelhaisse@gmail.com"
__status__ = "Development"
class Simulator(object):
r"""Simulator (abstract class)
All the simulators inherits from the Simulator defined here. This acts as a bridge between the simulator and
the PyRoboLearn framework. This avoids the PyRoboLearn framework to depends on a particular simulator.
The signature of each method presents in this interface were inspired by the ones defined in PyBullet [1].
Examples::
sim = Bullet()
sim = ROS_RBDL()
sim = GazeboROS()
References:
- [1] PyBullet: https://pybullet.org
- [2] PEP8: https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0008/
"""
# keep track of the instantiated simulators
instances = OrderedSet()
# TODO: this is really bad to have attributes like that... It doesn't generalize well to other simulators...
B3G_ALT = 65308
B3G_BACKSPACE = 65305
B3G_CONTROL = 65307
B3G_DELETE = 65304
B3G_DOWN_ARROW = 65298
B3G_END = 65301
B3G_F1 = 65280
B3G_F10 = 65289
B3G_F11 = 65290
B3G_F12 = 65291
B3G_F13 = 65292
B3G_F14 = 65293
B3G_F15 = 65294
B3G_F2 = 65281
B3G_F3 = 65282
B3G_F4 = 65283
B3G_F5 = 65284
B3G_F6 = 65285
B3G_F7 = 65286
B3G_F8 = 65287
B3G_F9 = 65288
B3G_HOME = 65302
B3G_INSERT = 65303
B3G_LEFT_ARROW = 65295
B3G_PAGE_DOWN = 65300
B3G_PAGE_UP = 65299
B3G_RETURN = 65309
B3G_RIGHT_ARROW = 65296
B3G_SHIFT = 65306
B3G_UP_ARROW = 65297
COV_ENABLE_DEPTH_BUFFER_PREVIEW = 14
COV_ENABLE_GUI = 1
COV_ENABLE_KEYBOARD_SHORTCUTS = 9
COV_ENABLE_MOUSE_PICKING = 10
COV_ENABLE_PLANAR_REFLECTION = 16
COV_ENABLE_RENDERING = 7
COV_ENABLE_RGB_BUFFER_PREVIEW = 13
COV_ENABLE_SEGMENTATION_MARK_PREVIEW = 15
COV_ENABLE_SHADOWS = 2
COV_ENABLE_SINGLE_STEP_RENDERING = 17
COV_ENABLE_TINY_RENDERER = 12
COV_ENABLE_WIREFRAME = 3
COV_ENABLE_Y_AXIS_UP = 11
DIRECT = 2
ER_BULLET_HARDWARE_OPENGL = 131072
ER_NO_SEGMENTATION_MASK = 4
ER_SEGMENTATION_MASK_OBJECT_AND_LINKINDEX = 1
ER_TINY_RENDERER = 65536
ER_USE_PROJECTIVE_TEXTURE = 2
GEOM_FORCE_CONCAVE_TRIMESH = 1
GEOM_SPHERE = 2
GEOM_CONCAVE_INTERNAL_EDGE = 2
GEOM_BOX = 3
GEOM_CYLINDER = 4
GEOM_MESH = 5
GEOM_PLANE = 6
GEOM_CAPSULE = 7
GEOM_CONE = 8 # NEW
GEOM_ELLIPSOID = 9 # NEW
GUI = 1
GUI_MAIN_THREAD = 8
GUI_SERVER = 7
IK_DLS = 0
IK_HAS_JOINT_DAMPING = 128
IK_HAS_NULL_SPACE_VELOCITY = 64
IK_HAS_TARGET_ORIENTATION = 32
IK_HAS_TARGET_POSITION = 16
IK_SDLS = 1
JOINT_FEEDBACK_IN_JOINT_FRAME = 2
JOINT_FEEDBACK_IN_WORLD_SPACE = 1
JOINT_FIXED = 4
JOINT_GEAR = 6
JOINT_PLANAR = 3
JOINT_POINT2POINT = 5
JOINT_PRISMATIC = 1
JOINT_REVOLUTE = 0
JOINT_SPHERICAL = 2
KEY_IS_DOWN = 1
KEY_WAS_RELEASED = 4
KEY_WAS_TRIGGERED = 2
LINK_FRAME = 1
WORLD_FRAME = 2
MAX_RAY_INTERSECTION_BATCH_SIZE = 16384
VELOCITY_CONTROL = 0
TORQUE_CONTROL = 1
POSITION_CONTROL = 2
PD_CONTROL = 3
SENSOR_FORCE_TORQUE = 1
SHARED_MEMORY = 3
SHARED_MEMORY_KEY = 12347
SHARED_MEMORY_KEY2 = 12348
SHARED_MEMORY_SERVER = 9
STATE_LOGGING_ALL_COMMANDS = 7
STATE_LOGGING_CONTACT_POINTS = 5
STATE_LOGGING_CUSTOM_TIMER = 9
STATE_LOGGING_GENERIC_ROBOT = 1
STATE_LOGGING_MINITAUR = 0
STATE_LOGGING_PROFILE_TIMINGS = 6
STATE_LOGGING_VIDEO_MP4 = 3
STATE_LOGGING_VR_CONTROLLERS = 2
STATE_LOG_JOINT_MOTOR_TORQUES = 1
STATE_LOG_JOINT_TORQUES = 3
STATE_LOG_JOINT_USER_TORQUES = 2
STATE_REPLAY_ALL_COMMANDS = 8
TCP = 5
UDP = 4
URDF_ENABLE_CACHED_GRAPHICS_SHAPES = 1024
URDF_ENABLE_SLEEPING = 2048
URDF_GLOBAL_VELOCITIES_MB = 256
URDF_INITIALIZE_SAT_FEATURES = 4096
URDF_USE_IMPLICIT_CYLINDER = 128
URDF_USE_INERTIA_FROM_FILE = 2
URDF_USE_MATERIAL_COLORS_FROM_MTL = 32768
URDF_USE_MATERIAL_TRANSPARANCY_FROM_MTL = 65536
URDF_USE_SELF_COLLISION = 8
URDF_USE_SELF_COLLISION_EXCLUDE_ALL_PARENTS = 32
URDF_USE_SELF_COLLISION_EXCLUDE_PARENT = 16
URDF_USE_SELF_COLLISION_INCLUDE_PARENT = 8192
def __init__(self, render=True, **kwargs):
self._render = render
self.real_time = False
self.kwargs = kwargs
# main camera in the simulator
self._camera = None
# default timestep
self.default_timestep = 1. / 240
self.dt = self.default_timestep
# add instance to the set of all instantiated simulators
self.__class__.instances.add(self)
# TODO: this is really bad to have attributes like that... It doesn't generalize well to other simulators...
# import pybullet
# for attribute in dir(pybullet):
# if attribute[0].isupper():
# print('self.{} = {}'.format(attribute, getattr(pybullet, attribute)))
##############
# Properties #
##############
@property
def version(self):
"""Return the version of the simulator."""
return 0
@property
def gravity(self):
"""Return the gravity in the simulator."""
return self.get_gravity()
@gravity.setter
def gravity(self, gravity):
"""Set the gravity in the simulator."""
self.set_gravity(gravity)
@property
def camera(self):
"""Return the camera (yaw, pitch, distance, target_position) or None."""
return self._camera
@property
def timestep(self):
"""Return the simulator time step."""
return self.get_time_step()
#############
# Operators #
#############
def __str__(self):
"""Return a readable string about the class."""
return self.__class__.__name__
def __del__(self):
"""Close/Delete the simulator."""
self.close()
def __copy__(self):
"""Return a shallow copy of the simulator. This can be overridden in the child class."""
return self.__class__(render=self._render, **self.kwargs)
def __deepcopy__(self, memo={}):
"""Return a deep copy of the simulator. This can be overridden in the child class.
Args:
memo (dict): memo dictionary of objects already copied during the current copying pass.
"""
# if the object has already been copied return the reference to the copied object
if self in memo:
return memo[self]
# create a new copy of the simulator
sim = self.__class__(render=self._render, **self.kwargs)
memo[self] = sim
return sim
##################
# Static methods #
##################
@staticmethod
def in_simulation():
"""Return True if we are running in simulation instead of the real-world."""
return True
@staticmethod
def simulate_gas_dynamics():
"""Return True if the simulator can simulate gases."""
return False
@staticmethod
def simulate_liquid_dynamics():
"""Return True if the simulator can simulate liquids."""
return False
@staticmethod
def simulate_fluid_dynamics():
"""Return True if the simulator can simulate fluids (gases and liquids)."""
return Simulator.simulate_gas_dynamics() and Simulator.simulate_liquid_dynamics()
@staticmethod
def simulate_soft_bodies():
"""Return True if the simulator can simulate soft bodies."""
return False
@staticmethod
def has_middleware_communication_layer():
"""Return True if the simulator has a middleware communication layer (like ROS, YARP, etc)."""
return False
@staticmethod
def supports_dynamic_loading():
"""Return True if the simulator supports the dynamic loading of models."""
return False
@staticmethod
def supports_acceleration():
"""Return True if the simulator provides acceleration (dynamic) information (such as joint accelerations, link
Cartesian accelerations, etc). If not, the `Robot` class will have to implement these using finite
difference."""
return False
@staticmethod
def supports_sensors(sensor_type=None):
"""Return True if the simulator provides supports for the specified sensor."""
return False
@staticmethod
def supports_urdf():
"""Return True if we can use URDFs."""
return False
@staticmethod
def supports_light():
"""Return True if we can define and access to the lights in the simulator."""
return False
@staticmethod
def supports_depth_image():
"""Return True if we can get depth images from the simulator."""
return False
@staticmethod
def supports_segmentation_images():
"""Return True if we can get segmentation images from the simulator."""
return False
@staticmethod
def supports_visualization():
"""Return True if there is a graphical user interface (GUI)."""
return False
@staticmethod
def supports_interactive_gui():
"""Return True if the simulator has an interactive GUI."""
return False
@staticmethod
def supports_mousekeyboard_events():
"""Return True if the simulator allows to capture mouse and keyboard events."""
return False
@staticmethod
def supports_visual_objects():
"""Return True if we can simulate objects that do not have collision shapes."""
return False
@staticmethod
def supports_plugins():
"""Return True if we can use plugins."""
return False
@staticmethod
def supports_constraints(constraint_type):
"""Return True if we can support the specified constraint type."""
return False
@staticmethod
def supports_realtime():
"""Return True if the simulator supports real-time (meaning we don't need to step manually in the simulator).
Note that if we can step in the simulator, we can use threads to simulate the real-time. So the return value
should always be True."""
return True
@staticmethod
def supports_ray_casting():
"""Return True if the simulator supports ray casting."""
return False
@staticmethod
def can_step():
"""Return True if we can step manually in the simulator."""
return False
@staticmethod
def can_load_heightmap():
"""Return True if the simulator can load a heightmap."""
return False
###########
# Methods #
###########
# Simulators
def reset(self, *args, **kwargs):
"""Reset the simulator."""
pass
def close(self):
"""Close the simulator."""
pass
def seed(self, seed=None):
"""Set the given seed in the simulator."""
pass
def step(self, sleep_time=0):
"""Perform a step in the simulator, and sleep the specified amount of time.
Args:
sleep_time (float): amount of time to sleep after performing one step in the simulation.
"""
pass
def is_rendering(self):
"""Return True if the simulator is in the render mode."""
return self._render
def reset_scene_camera(self, camera=None):
"""
Reinitialize/Reset the scene view camera to the previous one.
Args:
camera (object): scene view camera. This is let to the user to decide what to do.
"""
pass
def render(self, enable=True):
"""Render the simulation.
Args:
enable (bool): If True, it will render the simulator by enabling the GUI.
"""
self._render = enable
def hide(self):
"""Hide the GUI."""
self.render(False)
def get_time_step(self):
"""Get the time step in the simulator.
Returns:
float: time step in the simulator
"""
pass
def set_time_step(self, time_step):
"""Set the time step in the simulator.
Args:
time_step (float): Each time you call 'step' the time step will proceed with 'time_step'.
"""
pass
def set_real_time(self, enable=True):
"""Enable real time in the simulator.
Args:
enable (bool): If True, it will enable the real-time simulation. If False, it will disable it.
"""
self.real_time = True
def use_real_time(self):
"""Return True if the simulator is in real-time mode."""
return self.real_time
def pause(self):
"""Pause the simulator if in real-time."""
pass
def unpause(self):
"""Unpause the simulator if in real-time."""
pass
def get_physics_properties(self):
"""Get the physics engine parameters."""
pass
def set_physics_properties(self, *args, **kwargs):
"""Set the physics engine parameters."""
pass
def start_logging(self, *args, **kwargs):
"""Start the logging."""
pass
def stop_logging(self, logger_id):
"""Stop the logging."""
pass
def get_gravity(self):
"""Return the gravity set in the simulator."""
pass
def set_gravity(self, gravity=(0, 0, -9.81)):
"""Set the gravity in the simulator with the given acceleration.
Args:
gravity (list, tuple of 3 floats): acceleration in the x, y, z directions.
"""
pass
def save(self, filename=None, *args, **kwargs):
"""Save the state of the simulator.
Args:
filename (None, str): path to file to store the state of the simulator. If None, it will save it in
memory instead of the disk.
Returns:
int: unique state id. This id can be used to load the state.
"""
pass
def load(self, state, *args, **kwargs):
"""Load / Restore the simulator to a previous state.
Args:
state (int, str): unique state id, or path to the file containing the state.
"""
pass
def load_plugin(self, plugin_path, name, *args, **kwargs):
"""Load a certain plugin in the simulator.
Args:
plugin_path (str): path, location on disk where to find the plugin
name (str): postfix name of the plugin that is appended to each API
Returns:
int: unique plugin id. If this id is negative, the plugin is not loaded. Once a plugin is loaded, you can
send commands to the plugin using `execute_plugin_commands`
"""
pass
def execute_plugin_commands(self, plugin_id, *args, **kwargs):
"""Execute the commands on the specified plugin.
Args:
plugin_id (int): unique plugin id.
*args (list): list of argument values to be interpreted by the plugin. One can be a string, while the
others must be integers or float.
"""
pass
def unload_plugin(self, plugin_id, *args, **kwargs):
"""Unload the specified plugin from the simulator.
Args:
plugin_id (int): unique plugin id.
"""
pass
# loading URDFs, SDFs, MJCFs
def load_urdf(self, filename, position, orientation, use_fixed_base=0, scale=1.0, *args, **kwargs):
"""Load a URDF file in the simulator.
Args:
filename (str): a relative or absolute path to the URDF file on the file system of the physics server.
position (vec3): create the base of the object at the specified position in world space coordinates [x,y,z]
orientation (quat): create the base of the object at the specified orientation as world space quaternion
[x,y,z,w]
use_fixed_base (bool): force the base of the loaded object to be static
scale (float): scale factor to the URDF model.
Returns:
int (non-negative): unique id associated to the load model.
"""
pass
def load_sdf(self, filename, scaling=1., *args, **kwargs):
"""Load a SDF file in the simulator.
Args:
filename (str): a relative or absolute path to the SDF file on the file system of the physics server.
scaling (float): scale factor for the object
Returns:
list(int): list of object unique id for each object loaded
"""
pass
def load_mjcf(self, filename, scaling=1., *args, **kwargs):
"""Load a Mujoco file in the simulator.
Args:
filename (str): a relative or absolute path to the MJCF file on the file system of the physics server.
scaling (float): scale factor for the object
Returns:
list(int): list of object unique id for each object loaded
"""
pass
def load_mesh(self, filename, position, orientation=(0, 0, 0, 1), mass=1., scale=(1., 1., 1.), color=None,
with_collision=True, flags=None, *args, **kwargs):
"""Load a mesh into the simulator.
Args:
filename (str): path to file for the mesh. Currently, only Wavefront .obj. It will create convex hulls
for each object (marked as 'o') in the .obj file.
position (float[3]): position of the mesh in the Cartesian world space (in meters)
orientation (float[4], np.quaternion): orientation of the mesh using quaternion.
If np.quaternion then it uses the convention (w,x,y,z). If float[4], it uses the convention (x,y,z,w)
mass (float): mass of the mesh (in kg). If mass = 0, it won't move even if there is a collision.
scale (float[3]): scale the mesh in the (x,y,z) directions
color (int[4], None): color of the mesh for red, green, blue, and alpha, each in range [0,1].
with_collision (bool): If True, it will also create the collision mesh, and not only a visual mesh.
flags (int, None): if flag = `sim.GEOM_FORCE_CONCAVE_TRIMESH` (=1), this will create a concave static
triangle mesh. This should not be used with dynamic/moving objects, only for static (mass=0) terrain.
Returns:
int: unique id of the mesh in the world
"""
pass
@staticmethod
def get_available_sdfs(fullpath=False):
"""Return the list of available SDFs in the simulator.
Args:
fullpath (bool): If True, it will return the full path to the SDFs. If False, it will just return the
name of the SDF files (without the extension).
"""
return []
@staticmethod
def get_available_urdfs(fullpath=False):
"""Return the list of available URDFs in the simulator.
Args:
fullpath (bool): If True, it will return the full path to the URDFs. If False, it will just return the
name of the URDF files (without the extension).
"""
return []
@staticmethod
def get_available_mjcfs(fullpath=False):
"""Return the list of available MJCFs in the simulator.
Args:
fullpath (bool): If True, it will return the full path to the MJCFs. If False, it will just return the
name of the MJCF files (without the extension).
"""
return []
@staticmethod
def get_available_objs(fullpath=False):
"""Return the list of available OBJs in the simulator.
Args:
fullpath (bool): If True, it will return the full path to the OBJs. If False, it will just return the
name of the OBJ files (without the extension).
"""
return []
# bodies
def create_body(self, visual_shape_id=-1, collision_shape_id=-1, mass=0., position=(0., 0., 0.),
orientation=(0., 0., 0., 1.), *args, **kwargs):
"""Create a body in the simulator.
Args:
visual_shape_id (int): unique id from createVisualShape or -1. You can reuse the visual shape (instancing)
collision_shape_id (int): unique id from createCollisionShape or -1. You can re-use the collision shape
for multiple multibodies (instancing)
mass (float): mass of the base, in kg (if using SI units)
position (np.array[float[3]]): Cartesian world position of the base
orientation (np.array[float[4]]): Orientation of base as quaternion [x,y,z,w]
Returns:
int: non-negative unique id or -1 for failure.
"""
pass
def remove_body(self, body_id):
"""Remove a particular body in the simulator.
Args:
body_id (int): unique body id.
"""
pass
def num_bodies(self):
"""Return the number of bodies present in the simulator.
Returns:
int: number of bodies
"""
pass
def get_body_info(self, body_id):
"""Get the specified body information.
Args:
body_id (int): unique body id.
Returns:
dict, list: info
"""
pass
def get_body_id(self, index):
"""Get the body id associated to the index which is between 0 and `num_bodies()`.
Args:
index (int): index between [0, `num_bodies()`]
Returns:
int: unique body id.
"""
pass
# constraint
def create_constraint(self, parent_body_id, parent_link_id, child_body_id, child_link_id, joint_type,
joint_axis, parent_frame_position, child_frame_position,
parent_frame_orientation=(0., 0., 0., 1.), child_frame_orientation=(0., 0., 0., 1.),
*args, **kwargs):
"""
Create a constraint.
Args:
parent_body_id (int): parent body unique id
parent_link_id (int): parent link index (or -1 for the base)
child_body_id (int): child body unique id, or -1 for no body (specify a non-dynamic child frame in world
coordinates)
child_link_id (int): child link index, or -1 for the base
joint_type (int): joint type: JOINT_PRISMATIC (=1), JOINT_FIXED (=4), JOINT_POINT2POINT (=5),
JOINT_GEAR (=6)
joint_axis (np.array[float[3]]): joint axis, in child link frame
parent_frame_position (np.array[float[3]]): position of the joint frame relative to parent CoM frame.
child_frame_position (np.array[float[3]]): position of the joint frame relative to a given child CoM frame
(or world origin if no child specified)
parent_frame_orientation (np.array[float[4]]): the orientation of the joint frame relative to parent CoM
coordinate frame
child_frame_orientation (np.array[float[4]]): the orientation of the joint frame relative to the child CoM
coordinate frame (or world origin frame if no child specified)
Returns:
int: constraint unique id.
"""
pass
def remove_constraint(self, constraint_id):
"""
Remove the specified constraint.
Args:
constraint_id (int): constraint unique id.
"""
pass
def change_constraint(self, constraint_id, *args, **kwargs):
"""
Change the parameters of an existing constraint.
Args:
constraint_id (int): constraint unique id.
"""
pass
def num_constraints(self):
"""
Get the number of constraints created.
Returns:
int: number of constraints created.
"""
pass
def get_constraint_id(self, index):
"""
Get the constraint unique id associated with the index which is between 0 and `num_constraints()`.
Args:
index (int): index between [0, `num_constraints()`]
Returns:
int: constraint unique id.
"""
pass
def get_constraint_info(self, constraint_id):
"""
Get information about the given constaint id.
Args:
constraint_id (int): constraint unique id.
Returns:
dict, list: info
"""
pass
def get_constraint_state(self, constraint_id):
"""
Get the state of the given constraint.
Args:
constraint_id (int): constraint unique id.
Returns:
dict, list: state
"""
pass
# objects
def get_mass(self, body_id):
"""
Return the total mass of the robot (=sum of all mass links).
Args:
body_id (int): unique object id, as returned from `load_urdf`.
Returns:
float: total mass of the robot [kg]
"""
pass
def get_base_mass(self, body_id):
"""Return the base mass of the robot.
Args:
body_id (int): unique object id.
"""
pass
def get_base_name(self, body_id):
"""
Return the base name.
Args:
body_id (int): unique object id.
Returns:
str: base name
"""
pass
def get_center_of_mass_position(self, body_id, link_ids=None):
"""
Return the center of mass position.
Args:
body_id (int): unique body id.
link_ids (list[int]): link ids associated with the given body id. If None, it will take all the links
of the specified body.
Returns:
np.array[float[3]]: center of mass position in the Cartesian world coordinates
"""
pass
def get_center_of_mass_velocity(self, body_id, link_ids=None):
"""
Return the center of mass linear velocity.
Args:
body_id (int): unique body id.
link_ids (list[int]): link ids associated with the given body id. If None, it will take all the links
of the specified body.
Returns:
np.array[float[3]]: center of mass linear velocity.
"""
pass
def get_base_pose(self, body_id):
"""
Get the current position and orientation of the base (or root link) of the body in Cartesian world coordinates.
Args:
body_id (int): object unique id, as returned from `load_urdf`.
Returns:
np.array[float[3]]: base position
np.array[float[4]]: base orientation (quaternion [x,y,z,w])
"""
pass
def get_base_position(self, body_id):
"""
Return the base position of the specified body.
Args:
body_id (int): object unique id, as returned from `load_urdf`.
Returns:
np.array[float[3]]: base position.
"""
pass
def get_base_orientation(self, body_id):
"""
Get the base orientation of the specified body.
Args:
body_id (int): object unique id, as returned from `load_urdf`.
Returns:
np.array[float[4]]: base orientation in the form of a quaternion (x,y,z,w)
"""
pass
def reset_base_pose(self, body_id, position, orientation):
"""
Reset the base position and orientation of the specified object id.
Args:
body_id (int): unique object id.
position (np.array[float[3]]): new base position.
orientation (np.array[float[4]]): new base orientation (expressed as a quaternion [x,y,z,w])
"""
pass
def reset_base_position(self, body_id, position):
"""
Reset the base position of the specified body/object id while preserving its orientation.
Args:
body_id (int): unique object id.
position (np.array[float[3]]): new base position.
"""
pass
def reset_base_orientation(self, body_id, orientation):
"""
Reset the base orientation of the specified body/object id while preserving its position.
Args:
body_id (int): unique object id.
orientation (np.array[float[4]]): new base orientation (expressed as a quaternion [x,y,z,w])
"""
pass
def get_base_velocity(self, body_id):
"""
Return the base linear and angular velocities.
Args:
body_id (int): object unique id, as returned from `load_urdf`.
Returns:
np.array[float[3]]: linear velocity of the base in Cartesian world space coordinates
np.array[float[3]]: angular velocity of the base in Cartesian world space coordinates
"""
pass
def get_base_linear_velocity(self, body_id):
"""
Return the linear velocity of the base.
Args:
body_id (int): object unique id, as returned from `load_urdf`.
Returns:
np.array[float[3]]: linear velocity of the base in Cartesian world space coordinates
"""
pass
def get_base_angular_velocity(self, body_id):
"""
Return the angular velocity of the base.
Args:
body_id (int): object unique id, as returned from `load_urdf`.
Returns:
np.array[float[3]]: angular velocity of the base in Cartesian world space coordinates
"""
pass
def reset_base_velocity(self, body_id, linear_velocity=None, angular_velocity=None):
"""
Reset the base velocity.
Args:
body_id (int): unique object id.
linear_velocity (np.array[float[3]]): new linear velocity of the base.
angular_velocity (np.array[float[3]]): new angular velocity of the base.
"""
pass
def reset_base_linear_velocity(self, body_id, linear_velocity):
"""
Reset the base linear velocity.
Args:
body_id (int): unique object id.
linear_velocity (np.array[float[3]]): new linear velocity of the base
"""
pass
def reset_base_angular_velocity(self, body_id, angular_velocity):
"""
Reset the base angular velocity.
Args:
body_id (int): unique object id.
angular_velocity (np.array[float[3]]): new angular velocity of the base
"""
pass
def get_base_acceleration(self, body_id):
"""
Get the base acceleration. This is only valid if the simulator `supports_acceleration`.
Args:
body_id (int): unique object id.
Returns:
np.array[float[3]]: linear acceleration [m/s^2]
np.array[float[3]]: angular acceleration [rad/s^2]
"""
pass
def apply_external_force(self, body_id, link_id=-1, force=(0., 0., 0.), position=(0., 0., 0.), frame=1):
"""
Apply the specified external force on the specified position on the body / link.
Args:
body_id (int): unique body id.
link_id (int): unique link id. If -1, it will be the base.
force (np.array[float[3]]): external force to be applied.
position (np.array[float[3]]): position on the link where the force is applied. See `flags` for coordinate
systems. If None, it is the center of mass of the body (or the link if specified).
frame (int): if frame = 1, then the force / position is described in the link frame. If frame = 2, they
are described in the world frame.
"""
pass
def apply_external_torque(self, body_id, link_id=-1, torque=(0., 0., 0.), frame=1):
"""
Apply an external torque on a body, or a link of the body. Note that after each simulation step, the external
torques are cleared to 0.
Args:
body_id (int): unique body id.
link_id (int): link id to apply the torque, if -1 it will apply the torque on the base
torque (float[3]): Cartesian torques to be applied on the body
frame (int): Specify the coordinate system of force/position: either `pybullet.WORLD_FRAME` (=2) for
Cartesian world coordinates or `pybullet.LINK_FRAME` (=1) for local link coordinates.
"""
pass
# robots (joints and links)
def num_joints(self, body_id):
"""
Return the total number of joints of the specified body. This is the same as calling `num_links`.
Args:
body_id (int): unique body id.
Returns:
int: number of joints with the associated body id.
"""
pass
def num_actuated_joints(self, body_id):
"""
Return the total number of actuated joints associated with the given body id.
Args:
body_id (int): unique body id.
Returns:
int: number of actuated joints of the specified body.
"""
pass
def num_links(self, body_id):
"""
Return the total number of links of the specified body. This is the same as calling `num_joints`.
Args:
body_id (int): unique body id.
Returns:
int: number of links with the associated body id.
"""
return self.num_joints(body_id)
def get_joint_info(self, body_id, joint_id):
"""
Return information about the given joint about the specified body.
Note that this method returns a lot of information, so specific methods have been implemented that return
only the desired information. Also, note that we do not convert the data here.
Args:
body_id (int): unique body id.
joint_id (int): joint id is included in [0..`num_joints(body_id)`].
Returns:
dict, list: joint info
"""
pass
def get_joint_state(self, body_id, joint_id):
"""
Get the joint state.
Args:
body_id (int): unique body id.
joint_id (int): joint index in range [0..num_joints(body_id)]
Returns:
float: The position value of this joint.
float: The velocity value of this joint.
np.array[float[6]]: These are the joint reaction forces, if a torque sensor is enabled for this joint it is
[Fx, Fy, Fz, Mx, My, Mz]. Without torque sensor, it is [0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0].
float: This is the motor torque applied during the last stepSimulation. Note that this only applies in
VELOCITY_CONTROL and POSITION_CONTROL. If you use TORQUE_CONTROL then the applied joint motor torque
is exactly what you provide, so there is no need to report it separately.
"""
pass
def get_joint_states(self, body_id, joint_ids):
"""
Get the joint state of the specified joints.
Args:
body_id (int): unique body id.
joint_ids (list[int]): list of joint ids.
Returns:
list:
float: The position value of this joint.
float: The velocity value of this joint.
np.array[float[6]]: These are the joint reaction forces, if a torque sensor is enabled for this joint
it is [Fx, Fy, Fz, Mx, My, Mz]. Without torque sensor, it is [0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0].
float: This is the motor torque applied during the last `step`. Note that this only applies in
VELOCITY_CONTROL and POSITION_CONTROL. If you use TORQUE_CONTROL then the applied joint motor
torque is exactly what you provide, so there is no need to report it separately.
"""
pass
def reset_joint_state(self, body_id, joint_id, position, velocity=0.):
"""
Reset the state of the joint. It is best only to do this at the start, while not running the simulation:
`reset_joint_state` overrides all physics simulation.
Args:
body_id (int): unique body id.
joint_id (int): joint index in range [0..num_joints(body_id)]
position (float): the joint position (angle in radians [rad] or position [m])
velocity (float): the joint velocity (angular [rad/s] or linear velocity [m/s])
"""
pass
def enable_joint_force_torque_sensor(self, body_id, joint_ids, enable=True):
"""
You can enable or disable a joint force/torque sensor in each joint.
Args:
body_id (int): body unique id.
joint_ids (int, int[N]): joint index in range [0..num_joints(body_id)], or list of joint ids.
enable (bool): True to enable, False to disable the force/torque sensor
"""
pass
def set_joint_motor_control(self, body_id, joint_ids, control_mode=2, positions=None,
velocities=None, forces=None, kp=None, kd=None, max_velocity=None):
r"""
Set the joint motor control.
In position control:
.. math:: error = Kp (x_{des} - x) + Kd (\dot{x}_{des} - \dot{x})
In velocity control:
.. math:: error = \dot{x}_{des} - \dot{x}
Note that the maximum forces and velocities are not automatically used for the different control schemes.
Args:
body_id (int): body unique id.
joint_ids (int): joint/link id, or list of joint ids.
control_mode (int): POSITION_CONTROL (=2) (which is in fact CONTROL_MODE_POSITION_VELOCITY_PD),
VELOCITY_CONTROL (=0), TORQUE_CONTROL (=1) and PD_CONTROL (=3).
positions (float, np.array[float[N]]): target joint position(s) (used in POSITION_CONTROL).
velocities (float, np.array[float[N]]): target joint velocity(ies). In VELOCITY_CONTROL and
POSITION_CONTROL, the target velocity(ies) is(are) the desired velocity of the joint. Note that the
target velocity(ies) is(are) not the maximum joint velocity(ies). In PD_CONTROL and
POSITION_CONTROL/CONTROL_MODE_POSITION_VELOCITY_PD, the final target velocities are computed using:
`kp*(erp*(desiredPosition-currentPosition)/dt)+currentVelocity+kd*(m_desiredVelocity - currentVelocity)`
forces (float, list[float]): in POSITION_CONTROL and VELOCITY_CONTROL, these are the maximum motor
forces used to reach the target values. In TORQUE_CONTROL these are the forces / torques to be applied
each simulation step.
kp (float, list[float]): position (stiffness) gain(s) (used in POSITION_CONTROL).
kd (float, list[float]): velocity (damping) gain(s) (used in POSITION_CONTROL).
max_velocity (float): in POSITION_CONTROL this limits the velocity to a maximum.
"""
pass
def get_link_state(self, body_id, link_id, compute_velocity=False, compute_forward_kinematics=False):
"""
Get the state of the associated link.
Args:
body_id (int): body unique id.
link_id (int): link index.
compute_velocity (bool): If True, the Cartesian world velocity will be computed and returned.
compute_forward_kinematics (bool): if True, the Cartesian world position/orientation will be recomputed
using forward kinematics.
Returns:
np.array[float[3]]: Cartesian world position of CoM
np.array[float[4]]: Cartesian world orientation of CoM, in quaternion [x,y,z,w]
np.array[float[3]]: local position offset of inertial frame (center of mass) expressed in the URDF link
frame
np.array[float[4]]: local orientation (quaternion [x,y,z,w]) offset of the inertial frame expressed in
URDF link frame
np.array[float[3]]: world position of the URDF link frame
np.array[float[4]]: world orientation of the URDF link frame
np.array[float[3]]: Cartesian world linear velocity. Only returned if `compute_velocity` is True.
np.array[float[3]]: Cartesian world angular velocity. Only returned if `compute_velocity` is True.
"""
pass
def get_link_states(self, body_id, link_ids, compute_velocity=False, compute_forward_kinematics=False):
"""
Get the state of the associated links.
Args:
body_id (int): body unique id.
link_ids (list[int]): list of link index.
compute_velocity (bool): If True, the Cartesian world velocity will be computed and returned.
compute_forward_kinematics (bool): if True, the Cartesian world position/orientation will be recomputed
using forward kinematics.
Returns:
list:
np.array[float[3]]: Cartesian position of CoM
np.array[float[4]]: Cartesian orientation of CoM, in quaternion [x,y,z,w]
np.array[float[3]]: local position offset of inertial frame (center of mass) expressed in the URDF
link frame
np.array[float[4]]: local orientation (quaternion [x,y,z,w]) offset of the inertial frame expressed
in URDF link frame
np.array[float[3]]: world position of the URDF link frame
np.array[float[4]]: world orientation of the URDF link frame
np.array[float[3]]: Cartesian world linear velocity. Only returned if `compute_velocity` is True.
np.array[float[3]]: Cartesian world angular velocity. Only returned if `compute_velocity` is True.
"""
pass
def get_link_names(self, body_id, link_ids):
"""
Return the name of the given link(s).
Args:
body_id (int): unique body id.
link_ids (int, list[int]): link id, or list of link ids.
Returns:
if 1 link:
str: link name
if multiple links:
str[N]: link names
"""
pass
def get_link_masses(self, body_id, link_ids):
"""
Return the mass of the given link(s).
Args:
body_id (int): unique body id.
link_ids (int, list[int]): link id, or list of link ids.
Returns:
if 1 link:
float: mass of the given link
else:
float[N]: mass of each link
"""
pass
def get_link_frames(self, body_id, link_ids):
r"""
Return the link world frame position(s) and orientation(s).
Args:
body_id (int): body id.
link_ids (int, int[N]): link id, or list of desired link ids.
Returns:
if 1 link:
np.array[float[3]]: the link frame position in the world space
np.array[float[4]]: Cartesian orientation of the link frame [x,y,z,w]
if multiple links:
np.array[float[N,3]]: link frame position of each link in world space
np.array[float[N,4]]: orientation of each link frame [x,y,z,w]
"""
pass
def get_link_world_positions(self, body_id, link_ids):
"""
Return the CoM position (in the Cartesian world space coordinates) of the given link(s).
Args:
body_id (int): unique body id.
link_ids (int, list[int]): link index, or list of link indices.
Returns:
if 1 link:
np.array[float[3]]: the link CoM position in the world space
if multiple links:
np.array[float[N,3]]: CoM position of each link in world space
"""
pass
def get_link_positions(self, body_id, link_ids):
pass
def get_link_world_orientations(self, body_id, link_ids):
"""
Return the CoM orientation (in the Cartesian world space) of the given link(s).
Args:
body_id (int): unique body id.
link_ids (int, list[int]): link index, or list of link indices.
Returns:
if 1 link:
np.array[float[4]]: Cartesian orientation of the link CoM (x,y,z,w)
if multiple links:
np.array[float[N,4]]: CoM orientation of each link (x,y,z,w)
"""
pass
def get_link_orientations(self, body_id, link_ids):
pass
def get_link_world_linear_velocities(self, body_id, link_ids):
"""
Return the linear velocity of the link(s) expressed in the Cartesian world space coordinates.
Args:
body_id (int): unique body id.
link_ids (int, list[int]): link index, or list of link indices.
Returns:
if 1 link:
np.array[float[3]]: linear velocity of the link in the Cartesian world space
if multiple links:
np.array[float[N,3]]: linear velocity of each link
"""
pass
def get_link_world_angular_velocities(self, body_id, link_ids):
"""
Return the angular velocity of the link(s) in the Cartesian world space coordinates.
Args:
body_id (int): unique body id.
link_ids (int, list[int]): link index, or list of link indices.
Returns:
if 1 link:
np.array[float[3]]: angular velocity of the link in the Cartesian world space
if multiple links:
np.array[float[N,3]]: angular velocity of each link
"""
pass
def get_link_world_velocities(self, body_id, link_ids):
"""
Return the linear and angular velocities (expressed in the Cartesian world space coordinates) for the given
link(s).
Args:
body_id (int): unique body id.
link_ids (int, list[int]): link index, or list of link indices.
Returns:
if 1 link:
np.array[float[6]]: linear and angular velocity of the link in the Cartesian world space
if multiple links:
np.array[float[N,6]]: linear and angular velocity of each link
"""
pass
def get_link_velocities(self, body_id, link_ids):
pass
def get_link_world_accelerations(self, body_id, link_ids):
"""
Return the linear and angular accelerations (expressed in the Cartesian world space coordinates) for the given
link(s). This is only valid if the simulator `supports_acceleration`.
Args:
body_id (int): unique body id.
link_ids (int, list[int]): link index, or list of link indices.
Returns:
if 1 link:
np.array[float[6]]: linear and angular acceleration of the link in the Cartesian world space
if multiple links:
np.array[float[N,6]]: linear and angular acceleration of each link
"""
pass
def get_q_indices(self, body_id, joint_ids):
"""
Get the corresponding q index of the given joint(s).
Args:
body_id (int): unique body id.
joint_ids (int, list[int]): a joint id, or list of joint ids.
Returns:
if 1 joint:
int: q index
if multiple joints:
list[int]: q indices
"""
pass
def get_actuated_joint_ids(self, body_id):
"""
Get the actuated joint ids associated with the given body id.
Args:
body_id (int): unique body id.
Returns:
list[int]: actuated joint ids.
"""
pass
def get_joint_names(self, body_id, joint_ids):
"""
Return the name of the given joint(s).
Args:
body_id (int): unique body id.
joint_ids (int, list[int]): a joint id, or list of joint ids.
Returns:
if 1 joint:
str: name of the joint
if multiple joints:
str[N]: name of each joint
"""
pass
def get_joint_type_ids(self, body_id, joint_ids):
"""
Get the joint type ids.
Args:
body_id (int): unique body id.
joint_ids (int, list[int]): a joint id, or list of joint ids.
Returns:
if 1 joint:
int: joint type id.
if multiple joints: list of above
"""
pass
def get_joint_type_names(self, body_id, joint_ids):
"""
Get joint type names.
Args:
body_id (int): unique body id.
joint_ids (int, list[int]): a joint id, or list of joint ids.
Returns:
if 1 joint:
str: joint type name.
if multiple joints: list of above
"""
pass
def get_joint_dampings(self, body_id, joint_ids):
"""
Get the damping coefficient of the given joint(s).
Args:
body_id (int): unique body id.
joint_ids (int, list[int]): a joint id, or list of joint ids.
Returns:
if 1 joint:
float: damping coefficient of the given joint
if multiple joints:
np.array[float[N]]: damping coefficient for each specified joint
"""
pass
def get_joint_frictions(self, body_id, joint_ids):
"""
Get the friction coefficient of the given joint(s).
Args:
body_id (int): unique body id.
joint_ids (int, list[int]): a joint id, or list of joint ids.
Returns:
if 1 joint:
float: friction coefficient of the given joint
if multiple joints:
np.array[float[N]]: friction coefficient for each specified joint
"""
pass
def get_joint_limits(self, body_id, joint_ids):
"""
Get the joint limits of the given joint(s).
Args:
body_id (int): unique body id.
joint_ids (int, list[int]): a joint id, or list of joint ids.
Returns:
if 1 joint:
np.array[float[2]]]: lower and upper limit
if multiple joints:
np.array[N,2]: lower and upper limit for each specified joint
"""
pass
def get_joint_max_forces(self, body_id, joint_ids):
"""
Get the maximum force that can be applied on the given joint(s).
Warning: Note that this is not automatically used in position, velocity, or torque control.
Args:
body_id (int): unique body id.
joint_ids (int, list[int]): a joint id, or list of joint ids.
Returns:
if 1 joint:
float: maximum force [N]
if multiple joints:
np.array[float[N]]: maximum force for each specified joint [N]
"""
pass
def get_joint_max_velocities(self, body_id, joint_ids):
"""
Get the maximum velocity that can be applied on the given joint(s).
Warning: Note that this is not automatically used in position, velocity, or torque control.
Args:
body_id (int): unique body id.
joint_ids (int, list[int]): a joint id, or list of joint ids.
Returns:
if 1 joint:
float: maximum velocity [rad/s]
if multiple joints:
np.array[float[N]]: maximum velocities for each specified joint [rad/s]
"""
pass
def get_joint_axes(self, body_id, joint_ids):
"""
Get the joint axis about the given joint(s).
Args:
body_id (int): unique body id.
joint_ids (int, list[int]): a joint id, or list of joint ids.
Returns:
if 1 joint:
np.array[float[3]]: joint axis
if multiple joint:
np.array[float[N,3]]: list of joint axis
"""
pass
def set_joint_positions(self, body_id, joint_ids, positions, velocities=None, kps=None, kds=None, forces=None):
"""
Set the position of the given joint(s) (using position control).
Args:
body_id (int): unique body id.
joint_ids (int, list[int]): joint id, or list of joint ids.
positions (float, np.array[float[N]]): desired position, or list of desired positions [rad]
velocities (None, float, np.array[float[N]]): desired velocity, or list of desired velocities [rad/s]
kps (None, float, np.array[float[N]]): position gain(s)
kds (None, float, np.array[float[N]]): velocity gain(s)
forces (None, float, np.array[float[N]]): maximum motor force(s)/torque(s) used to reach the target values.
"""
pass
def get_joint_positions(self, body_id, joint_ids):
"""
Get the position of the given joint(s).
Args:
body_id (int): unique body id.
joint_ids (int, list[int]): joint id, or list of joint ids.
Returns:
if 1 joint:
float: joint position [rad]
if multiple joints:
np.array[float[N]]: joint positions [rad]
"""
pass
def set_joint_velocities(self, body_id, joint_ids, velocities, max_force=None):
"""
Set the velocity of the given joint(s) (using velocity control).
Args:
body_id (int): unique body id.
joint_ids (int, list[int]): joint id, or list of joint ids.
velocities (float, np.array[float[N]]): desired velocity, or list of desired velocities [rad/s]
max_force (None, float, np.array[float[N]]): maximum motor forces/torques
"""
pass
def get_joint_velocities(self, body_id, joint_ids):
"""
Get the velocity of the given joint(s).
Args:
body_id (int): unique body id.
joint_ids (int, list[int]): joint id, or list of joint ids.
Returns:
if 1 joint:
float: joint velocity [rad/s]
if multiple joints:
np.array[float[N]]: joint velocities [rad/s]
"""
pass
def set_joint_accelerations(self, body_id, joint_ids, accelerations, q=None, dq=None):
"""
Set the acceleration of the given joint(s) (using force control). This is achieved by performing inverse
dynamic which given the joint accelerations compute the joint torques to be applied.
Args:
body_id (int): unique body id.
joint_ids (int, list[int]): joint id, or list of joint ids.
accelerations (float, np.array[float[N]]): desired joint acceleration, or list of desired joint
accelerations [rad/s^2]
"""
pass
def get_joint_accelerations(self, body_id, joint_ids): # , q=None, dq=None):
"""
Get the acceleration of the specified joint(s). This is only valid if the simulator `supports_acceleration`.
Args:
body_id (int): unique body id.
joint_ids (int, list[int]): joint id, or list of joint ids.
Returns:
if 1 joint:
float: joint acceleration [rad/s^2]
if multiple joints:
np.array[float[N]]: joint accelerations [rad/s^2]
"""
pass
def set_joint_torques(self, body_id, joint_ids, torques):
"""
Set the torque/force to the given joint(s) (using force/torque control).
Args:
body_id (int): unique body id.
joint_ids (int, list[int]): joint id, or list of joint ids.
torques (float, list[float], np.array[float]): desired torque(s) to apply to the joint(s) [N].
"""
pass
def get_joint_torques(self, body_id, joint_ids):
"""
Get the applied torque(s) on the given joint(s).
Args:
body_id (int): unique body id.
joint_ids (int, list[int]): a joint id, or list of joint ids.
Returns:
if 1 joint:
float: torque [Nm]
if multiple joints:
np.array[float[N]]: torques associated to the given joints [Nm]
"""
pass
def get_joint_reaction_forces(self, body_id, joint_ids):
"""Return the joint reaction forces at the given joint. Note that the torque sensor must be enabled, otherwise
it will always return [0,0,0,0,0,0].
Args:
body_id (int): unique body id.
joint_ids (int, int[N]): joint id, or list of joint ids
Returns:
if 1 joint:
np.array[float[6]]: joint reaction force (fx,fy,fz,mx,my,mz) [N,Nm]
if multiple joints:
np.array[float[N,6]]: joint reaction forces [N, Nm]
"""
pass
def get_joint_powers(self, body_id, joint_ids):
"""Return the applied power at the given joint(s). Power = torque * velocity.
Args:
body_id (int): unique body id.
joint_ids (int, int[N]): joint id, or list of joint ids
Returns:
if 1 joint:
float: joint power [W]
if multiple joints:
np.array[float[N]]: power at each joint [W]
"""
pass
# visualization
def create_visual_shape(self, shape_type, radius=0.5, half_extents=(1., 1., 1.), length=1., filename=None,
mesh_scale=(1., 1., 1.), plane_normal=(0., 0., 1.), flags=-1, rgba_color=None,
specular_color=None, visual_frame_position=None, vertices=None, indices=None, uvs=None,
normals=None, visual_frame_orientation=None):
"""
Create a visual shape in the simulator.
Args:
shape_type (int): type of shape; GEOM_SPHERE (=2), GEOM_BOX (=3), GEOM_CAPSULE (=7), GEOM_CYLINDER (=4),
GEOM_PLANE (=6), GEOM_MESH (=5)
radius (float): only for GEOM_SPHERE, GEOM_CAPSULE, GEOM_CYLINDER
half_extents (np.array[float[3]], list/tuple of 3 floats): only for GEOM_BOX.
length (float): only for GEOM_CAPSULE, GEOM_CYLINDER (length = height).
filename (str): Filename for GEOM_MESH, currently only Wavefront .obj. Will create convex hulls for each
object (marked as 'o') in the .obj file.
mesh_scale (np.array[float[3]], list/tuple of 3 floats): scale of mesh (only for GEOM_MESH).
plane_normal (np.array[float[3]], list/tuple of 3 floats): plane normal (only for GEOM_PLANE).
flags (int): unused / to be decided
rgba_color (list/tuple of 4 floats): color components for red, green, blue and alpha, each in range [0..1].
specular_color (list/tuple of 3 floats): specular reflection color, red, green, blue components in range
[0..1]
visual_frame_position (np.array[float[3]]): translational offset of the visual shape with respect to the
link frame
vertices (list[np.array[float[3]]]): Instead of creating a mesh from obj file, you can provide vertices,
indices, uvs and normals
indices (list[int]): triangle indices, should be a multiple of 3.
uvs (list of np.array[2]): uv texture coordinates for vertices. Use changeVisualShape to choose the
texture image. The number of uvs should be equal to number of vertices
normals (list[np.array[float[3]]]): vertex normals, number should be equal to number of vertices.
visual_frame_orientation (np.array[float[4]]): rotational offset (quaternion x,y,z,w) of the visual shape
with respect to the link frame
Returns:
int: The return value is a non-negative int unique id for the visual shape or -1 if the call failed.
"""
pass
def get_visual_shape_data(self, object_id, flags=-1):
"""
Get the visual shape data associated with the given object id. It will output a list of visual shape data.
Args:
object_id (int): object unique id.
flags (int, None): VISUAL_SHAPE_DATA_TEXTURE_UNIQUE_IDS (=1) will also provide `texture_unique_id`.
Returns:
list:
int: object unique id.
int: link index or -1 for the base
int: visual geometry type (TBD)
np.array[float[3]]: dimensions (size, local scale) of the geometry
str: path to the triangle mesh, if any. Typically relative to the URDF, SDF or MJCF file location, but
could be absolute
np.array[float[3]]: position of local visual frame, relative to link/joint frame
np.array[float[4]]: orientation of local visual frame relative to link/joint frame
list of 4 floats: URDF color (if any specified) in Red / Green / Blue / Alpha
int: texture unique id of the shape or -1 if None. This field only exists if using
VISUAL_SHAPE_DATA_TEXTURE_UNIQUE_IDS (=1) flag.
"""
pass
def change_visual_shape(self, object_id, link_id, shape_id=None, texture_id=None, rgba_color=None,
specular_color=None):
"""
Allows to change the texture of a shape, the RGBA color and other properties.
Args:
object_id (int): unique object id.
link_id (int): link id.
shape_id (int): shape id.
texture_id (int): texture id.
rgba_color (float[4]): RGBA color. Each is in the range [0..1]. Alpha has to be 0 (invisible) or 1
(visible) at the moment.
specular_color (int[3]): specular color components, RED, GREEN and BLUE, can be from 0 to large number
(>100).
"""
pass
def load_texture(self, filename):
"""
Load a texture from file and return a non-negative texture unique id if the loading succeeds.
This unique id can be used with changeVisualShape.
Args:
filename (str): path to the file.
Returns:
int: texture unique id. If non-negative, the texture was loaded successfully.
"""
pass
def compute_view_matrix(self, eye_position, target_position, up_vector):
"""Compute the view matrix.
The view matrix is the 4x4 matrix that maps the world coordinates into the camera coordinates. Basically,
it applies a rotation and translation such that the world is in front of the camera. That is, instead
of turning the camera to capture what we want in the world, we keep the camera fixed and turn the world.
Args:
eye_position (np.array[float[3]]): eye position in Cartesian world coordinates
target_position (np.array[float[3]]): position of the target (focus) point in Cartesian world coordinates
up_vector (np.array[float[3]]): up vector of the camera in Cartesian world coordinates
Returns:
np.array[float[4,4]]: the view matrix
"""
pass
def compute_view_matrix_from_ypr(self, target_position, distance, yaw, pitch, roll, up_axis_index=2):
"""Compute the view matrix from the yaw, pitch, and roll angles.
The view matrix is the 4x4 matrix that maps the world coordinates into the camera coordinates. Basically,
it applies a rotation and translation such that the world is in front of the camera. That is, instead
of turning the camera to capture what we want in the world, we keep the camera fixed and turn the world.
Args:
target_position (np.array[float[3]]): target focus point in Cartesian world coordinates
distance (float): distance from eye to focus point
yaw (float): yaw angle in radians left/right around up-axis
pitch (float): pitch in radians up/down.
roll (float): roll in radians around forward vector
up_axis_index (int): either 1 for Y or 2 for Z axis up.
Returns:
np.array[float[4,4]]: the view matrix
"""
pass
def compute_projection_matrix(self, left, right, bottom, top, near, far):
"""Compute the orthographic projection matrix.
The projection matrix is the 4x4 matrix that maps from the camera/eye coordinates to clipped coordinates.
It is applied after the view matrix.
There are 2 projection matrices:
* orthographic projection
* perspective projection
For the perspective projection, see `computeProjectionMatrixFOV(self)`.
Args:
left (float): left screen (canvas) coordinate
right (float): right screen (canvas) coordinate
bottom (float): bottom screen (canvas) coordinate
top (float): top screen (canvas) coordinate
near (float): near plane distance
far (float): far plane distance
Returns:
np.array[float[4,4]]: the perspective projection matrix
"""
pass
def compute_projection_matrix_fov(self, fov, aspect, near, far):
"""Compute the perspective projection matrix using the field of view (FOV).
Args:
fov (float): field of view
aspect (float): aspect ratio
near (float): near plane distance
far (float): far plane distance
Returns:
np.array[float[4,4]]: the perspective projection matrix
"""
pass
def get_camera_image(self, width, height, view_matrix=None, projection_matrix=None, light_direction=None,
light_color=None, light_distance=None, shadow=None, light_ambient_coeff=None,
light_diffuse_coeff=None, light_specular_coeff=None, renderer=None, flags=None):
"""
The `get_camera_image` API will return a RGB image, a depth buffer and a segmentation mask buffer with body
unique ids of visible objects for each pixel.
Args:
width (int): horizontal image resolution in pixels
height (int): vertical image resolution in pixels
view_matrix (np.array[float[4,4]]): 4x4 view matrix, see `compute_view_matrix`
projection_matrix (np.array[float[4,4]]): 4x4 projection matrix, see `compute_projection`
light_direction (np.array[float[3]]): `light_direction` specifies the world position of the light source,
the direction is from the light source position to the origin of the world frame.
light_color (np.array[float[3]]): directional light color in [RED,GREEN,BLUE] in range 0..1
light_distance (float): distance of the light along the normalized `light_direction`
shadow (bool): True for shadows, False for no shadows
light_ambient_coeff (float): light ambient coefficient
light_diffuse_coeff (float): light diffuse coefficient
light_specular_coeff (float): light specular coefficient
renderer (int): renderer
flags (int): flags
Returns:
int: width image resolution in pixels (horizontal)
int: height image resolution in pixels (vertical)
np.array[int[width, height, 4]]: RBGA pixels (each pixel is in the range [0..255] for each channel)
np.array[float[width, height]]: Depth buffer.
np.array[int[width, height]]: Segmentation mask buffer. For each pixels the visible object unique id.
"""
pass
def get_rgba_image(self, width, height, view_matrix=None, projection_matrix=None, light_direction=None,
light_color=None, light_distance=None, shadow=None, light_ambient_coeff=None,
light_diffuse_coeff=None, light_specular_coeff=None, renderer=None, flags=None):
"""
The `get_rgba_image` API will return a RGBA image.
Args:
width (int): horizontal image resolution in pixels
height (int): vertical image resolution in pixels
view_matrix (np.array[float[4,4]]): 4x4 view matrix, see `compute_view_matrix`
projection_matrix (np.array[float[4,4]]): 4x4 projection matrix, see `compute_projection`
light_direction (np.array[float[3]]): `light_direction` specifies the world position of the light source,
the direction is from the light source position to the origin of the world frame.
light_color (np.array[float[3]]): directional light color in [RED,GREEN,BLUE] in range 0..1
light_distance (float): distance of the light along the normalized `light_direction`
shadow (bool): True for shadows, False for no shadows
light_ambient_coeff (float): light ambient coefficient
light_diffuse_coeff (float): light diffuse coefficient
light_specular_coeff (float): light specular coefficient
renderer (int): renderer.
flags (int): flags.
Returns:
np.array[int[width, height, 4]]: RBGA pixels (each pixel is in the range [0..255] for each channel)
"""
pass
def get_depth_image(self, width, height, view_matrix=None, projection_matrix=None, light_direction=None,
light_color=None, light_distance=None, shadow=None, light_ambient_coeff=None,
light_diffuse_coeff=None, light_specular_coeff=None, renderer=None, flags=None):
"""
The `get_depth_image` API will return a depth buffer.
Args:
width (int): horizontal image resolution in pixels
height (int): vertical image resolution in pixels
view_matrix (np.array[float[4,4]]): 4x4 view matrix, see `compute_view_matrix`
projection_matrix (np.array[float[4,4]]): 4x4 projection matrix, see `compute_projection`
light_direction (np.array[float[3]]): `light_direction` specifies the world position of the light source,
the direction is from the light source position to the origin of the world frame.
light_color (np.array[float[3]]): directional light color in [RED,GREEN,BLUE] in range 0..1
light_distance (float): distance of the light along the normalized `light_direction`
shadow (bool): True for shadows, False for no shadows
light_ambient_coeff (float): light ambient coefficient
light_diffuse_coeff (float): light diffuse coefficient
light_specular_coeff (float): light specular coefficient
renderer (int): renderer.
flags (int): flags.
Returns:
np.array[float[width, height]]: Depth buffer.
"""
pass
def get_segmentation_image(self, width, height, view_matrix=None, projection_matrix=None, light_direction=None,
light_color=None, light_distance=None, shadow=None, light_ambient_coeff=None,
light_diffuse_coeff=None, light_specular_coeff=None, renderer=None, flags=None):
"""
The `get_segmentation_image` API will return a segmentation mask buffer with body unique ids of visible objects
for each pixel.
Args:
width (int): horizontal image resolution in pixels
height (int): vertical image resolution in pixels
view_matrix (np.array[float[4,4]]): 4x4 view matrix, see `compute_view_matrix`
projection_matrix (np.array[float[4,4]]): 4x4 projection matrix, see `compute_projection`
light_direction (np.array[float[3]]): `light_direction` specifies the world position of the light source,
the direction is from the light source position to the origin of the world frame.
light_color (np.array[float[3]]): directional light color in [RED,GREEN,BLUE] in range 0..1
light_distance (float): distance of the light along the normalized `light_direction`
shadow (bool): True for shadows, False for no shadows
light_ambient_coeff (float): light ambient coefficient
light_diffuse_coeff (float): light diffuse coefficient
light_specular_coeff (float): light specular coefficient
renderer (int): renderer
flags (int): flags
Returns:
np.array[int[width, height]]: Segmentation mask buffer. For each pixels the visible object unique id.
"""
pass
# collisions
def create_collision_shape(self, shape_type, radius=0.5, half_extents=(1., 1., 1.), height=1., filename=None,
mesh_scale=(1., 1., 1.), plane_normal=(0., 0., 1.), flags=-1,
collision_frame_position=None, collision_frame_orientation=None):
"""
Create collision shape in the simulator.
Args:
shape_type (int): type of shape; GEOM_SPHERE (=2), GEOM_BOX (=3), GEOM_CAPSULE (=7), GEOM_CYLINDER (=4),
GEOM_PLANE (=6), GEOM_MESH (=5)
radius (float): only for GEOM_SPHERE, GEOM_CAPSULE, GEOM_CYLINDER
half_extents (np.array[float[3]], list/tuple of 3 floats): only for GEOM_BOX.
height (float): only for GEOM_CAPSULE, GEOM_CYLINDER (length = height).
filename (str): Filename for GEOM_MESH, currently only Wavefront .obj. Will create convex hulls for each
object (marked as 'o') in the .obj file.
mesh_scale (np.array[float[3]], list/tuple of 3 floats): scale of mesh (only for GEOM_MESH).
plane_normal (np.array[float[3]], list/tuple of 3 floats): plane normal (only for GEOM_PLANE).
flags (int): unused / to be decided
collision_frame_position (np.array[float[3]]): translational offset of the collision shape with respect
to the link frame
collision_frame_orientation (np.array[float[4]]): rotational offset (quaternion x,y,z,w) of the collision
shape with respect to the link frame
Returns:
int: The return value is a non-negative int unique id for the collision shape or -1 if the call failed.
"""
pass
def get_collision_shape_data(self, object_id, link_id=-1):
"""
Get the collision shape data associated with the specified object id and link id.
Args:
object_id (int): object unique id.
link_id (int): link index or -1 for the base.
Returns:
int: object unique id.
int: link id.
int: geometry type; GEOM_BOX (=3), GEOM_SPHERE (=2), GEOM_CAPSULE (=7), GEOM_MESH (=5), GEOM_PLANE (=6)
np.array[float[3]]: depends on geometry type:
for GEOM_BOX: extents,
for GEOM_SPHERE: dimensions[0] = radius,
for GEOM_CAPSULE and GEOM_CYLINDER: dimensions[0] = height (length), dimensions[1] = radius.
For GEOM_MESH: dimensions is the scaling factor.
str: Only for GEOM_MESH: file name (and path) of the collision mesh asset.
np.array[float[3]]: Local position of the collision frame with respect to the center of mass/inertial frame
np.array[float[4]]: Local orientation of the collision frame with respect to the inertial frame
"""
pass
def get_overlapping_objects(self, aabb_min, aabb_max):
"""
This query will return all the unique ids of objects that have Axis Aligned Bounding Box (AABB) overlap with
a given axis aligned bounding box. Note that the query is conservative and may return additional objects that
don't have actual AABB overlap. This happens because the acceleration structures have some heuristic that
enlarges the AABBs a bit (extra margin and extruded along the velocity vector).
Args:
aabb_min (np.array[float[3]]): minimum coordinates of the aabb
aabb_max (np.array[float[3]]): maximum coordinates of the aabb
Returns:
list[int]: list of object unique ids.
"""
pass
def get_aabb(self, body_id, link_id=-1):
"""
You can query the axis aligned bounding box (in world space) given an object unique id, and optionally a link
index. (when you don't pass the link index, or use -1, you get the AABB of the base).
Args:
body_id (int): object unique id as returned by creation methods
link_id (int): link index in range [0..`getNumJoints(..)]
Returns:
np.array[float[3]]: minimum coordinates of the axis aligned bounding box
np.array[float[3]]: maximum coordinates of the axis aligned bounding box
"""
pass
def get_contact_points(self, body1, body2=None, link1_id=None, link2_id=None):
"""
Returns the contact points computed during the most recent call to `step`.
Args:
body1 (int): only report contact points that involve body A
body2 (int, None): only report contact points that involve body B. Important: you need to have a valid
body A if you provide body B
link1_id (int, None): only report contact points that involve link index of body A
link2_id (int, None): only report contact points that involve link index of body B
Returns:
list:
int: contact flag (reserved)
int: body unique id of body A
int: body unique id of body B
int: link index of body A, -1 for base
int: link index of body B, -1 for base
np.array[float[3]]: contact position on A, in Cartesian world coordinates
np.array[float[3]]: contact position on B, in Cartesian world coordinates
np.array[float[3]]: contact normal on B, pointing towards A
float: contact distance, positive for separation, negative for penetration
float: normal force applied during the last `step`
float: lateral friction force in the first lateral friction direction (see next returned value)
np.array[float[3]]: first lateral friction direction
float: lateral friction force in the second lateral friction direction (see next returned value)
np.array[float[3]]: second lateral friction direction
"""
pass
def get_closest_points(self, body1, body2, distance, link1_id=None, link2_id=None):
"""
Computes the closest points, independent from `step`. This also lets you compute closest points of objects
with an arbitrary separating distance. In this query there will be no normal forces reported.
Args:
body1 (int): only report contact points that involve body A
body2 (int): only report contact points that involve body B. Important: you need to have a valid body A
if you provide body B
distance (float): If the distance between objects exceeds this maximum distance, no points may be returned.
link1_id (int): only report contact points that involve link index of body A
link2_id (int): only report contact points that involve link index of body B
Returns:
list:
int: contact flag (reserved)
int: body unique id of body A
int: body unique id of body B
int: link index of body A, -1 for base
int: link index of body B, -1 for base
np.array[float[3]]: contact position on A, in Cartesian world coordinates
np.array[float[3]]: contact position on B, in Cartesian world coordinates
np.array[float[3]]: contact normal on B, pointing towards A
float: contact distance, positive for separation, negative for penetration
float: normal force applied during the last `step`. Always equal to 0.
float: lateral friction force in the first lateral friction direction (see next returned value)
np.array[float[3]]: first lateral friction direction
float: lateral friction force in the second lateral friction direction (see next returned value)
np.array[float[3]]: second lateral friction direction
"""
pass
def ray_test(self, from_position, to_position):
"""
Performs a single raycast to find the intersection information of the first object hit.
Args:
from_position (np.array[float[3]]): start of the ray in world coordinates
to_position (np.array[float[3]]): end of the ray in world coordinates
Returns:
list:
int: object unique id of the hit object
int: link index of the hit object, or -1 if none/parent
float: hit fraction along the ray in range [0,1] along the ray.
np.array[float[3]]: hit position in Cartesian world coordinates
np.array[float[3]]: hit normal in Cartesian world coordinates
"""
pass
def ray_test_batch(self, from_positions, to_positions, parent_object_id=None, parent_link_id=None):
"""Perform a batch of raycasts to find the intersection information of the first objects hit.
This is similar to the ray_test, but allows you to provide an array of rays, for faster execution. The size of
'rayFromPositions' needs to be equal to the size of 'rayToPositions'. You can one ray result per ray, even if
there is no intersection: you need to use the objectUniqueId field to check if the ray has hit anything: if
the objectUniqueId is -1, there is no hit. In that case, the 'hit fraction' is 1.
Args:
from_positions (np.array[float[N,3]]): list of start points for each ray, in world coordinates
to_positions (np.array[float[N,3]]): list of end points for each ray in world coordinates
parent_object_id (int): ray from/to is in local space of a parent object
parent_link_id (int): ray from/to is in local space of a parent object
Returns:
list:
int: object unique id of the hit object
int: link index of the hit object, or -1 if none/parent
float: hit fraction along the ray in range [0,1] along the ray.
np.array[float[3]]: hit position in Cartesian world coordinates
np.array[float[3]]: hit normal in Cartesian world coordinates
"""
pass
def set_collision_filter_group_mask(self, body_id, link_id, filter_group, filter_mask):
"""
Enable/disable collision detection between groups of objects. Each body is part of a group. It collides with
other bodies if their group matches the mask, and vise versa. The following check is performed using the group
and mask of the two bodies involved. It depends on the collision filter mode.
Args:
body_id (int): unique id of the body to be configured
link_id (int): link index of the body to be configured
filter_group (int): bitwise group of the filter
filter_mask (int): bitwise mask of the filter
"""
pass
def set_collision_filter_pair(self, body1, body2, link1=-1, link2=-1, enable=True):
"""
Enable/disable collision between two bodies/links.
Args:
body1 (int): unique id of body A to be filtered
body2 (int): unique id of body B to be filtered, A==B implies self-collision
link1 (int): link index of body A
link2 (int): link index of body B
enable (bool): True to enable collision, False to disable collision
"""
pass
# kinematics and dynamics
def get_dynamics_info(self, body_id, link_id=-1):
"""
Get dynamic information about the mass, center of mass, friction and other properties of the base and links.
Args:
body_id (int): body/object unique id.
link_id (int): link/joint index or -1 for the base.
Returns:
float: mass in kg
float: lateral friction coefficient
np.array[float[3]]: local inertia diagonal. Note that links and base are centered around the center of
mass and aligned with the principal axes of inertia.
np.array[float[3]]: position of inertial frame in local coordinates of the joint frame
np.array[float[4]]: orientation of inertial frame in local coordinates of joint frame
float: coefficient of restitution
float: rolling friction coefficient orthogonal to contact normal
float: spinning friction coefficient around contact normal
float: damping of contact constraints. -1 if not available.
float: stiffness of contact constraints. -1 if not available.
"""
pass
def change_dynamics(self, body_id, link_id=-1, mass=None, lateral_friction=None, spinning_friction=None,
rolling_friction=None, restitution=None, linear_damping=None, angular_damping=None,
contact_stiffness=None, contact_damping=None, friction_anchor=None,
local_inertia_diagonal=None, joint_damping=None):
"""
Change dynamic properties of the given body (or link) such as mass, friction and restitution coefficients, etc.
Args:
body_id (int): object unique id, as returned by `load_urdf`, etc.
link_id (int): link index or -1 for the base.
mass (float): change the mass of the link (or base for link index -1)
lateral_friction (float): lateral (linear) contact friction
spinning_friction (float): torsional friction around the contact normal
rolling_friction (float): torsional friction orthogonal to contact normal
restitution (float): bouncyness of contact. Keep it a bit less than 1.
linear_damping (float): linear damping of the link (0.04 by default)
angular_damping (float): angular damping of the link (0.04 by default)
contact_stiffness (float): stiffness of the contact constraints, used together with `contact_damping`
contact_damping (float): damping of the contact constraints for this body/link. Used together with
`contact_stiffness`. This overrides the value if it was specified in the URDF file in the contact
section.
friction_anchor (int): enable or disable a friction anchor: positional friction correction (disabled by
default, unless set in the URDF contact section)
local_inertia_diagonal (np.array[float[3]]): diagonal elements of the inertia tensor. Note that the base
and links are centered around the center of mass and aligned with the principal axes of inertia so
there are no off-diagonal elements in the inertia tensor.
joint_damping (float): joint damping coefficient applied at each joint. This coefficient is read from URDF
joint damping field. Keep the value close to 0.
`joint_damping_force = -damping_coefficient * joint_velocity`.
"""
pass
def calculate_jacobian(self, body_id, link_id, local_position, q, dq, des_ddq):
r"""
Return the full geometric Jacobian matrix :math:`J(q) = [J_{lin}(q), J_{ang}(q)]^T`, such that:
.. math:: v = [\dot{p}, \omega]^T = J(q) \dot{q}
where :math:`\dot{p}` is the Cartesian linear velocity of the link, and :math:`\omega` is its angular velocity.
Warnings: if we have a floating base then the Jacobian will also include columns corresponding to the root
link DoFs (at the beginning). If it is a fixed base, it will only have columns associated with the joints.
Args:
body_id (int): unique body id.
link_id (int): link id.
local_position (np.array[float[3]]): the point on the specified link to compute the Jacobian (in link local
coordinates around its center of mass). If None, it will use the CoM position (in the link frame).
q (np.array[float[N]]): joint positions of size N, where N is the number of DoFs.
dq (np.array[float[N]]): joint velocities of size N, where N is the number of DoFs.
des_ddq (np.array[float[N]]): desired joint accelerations of size N.
Returns:
np.array[float[6,N]], np.array[float[6,6+N]]: full geometric (linear and angular) Jacobian matrix. The
number of columns depends if the base is fixed or floating.
"""
pass
def calculate_mass_matrix(self, body_id, q):
r"""
Return the mass/inertia matrix :math:`H(q)`, which is used in the rigid-body equation of motion (EoM) in joint
space given by (see [1]):
.. math:: \tau = H(q)\ddot{q} + C(q,\dot{q})
where :math:`\tau` is the vector of applied torques, :math:`H(q)` is the inertia matrix, and
:math:`C(q,\dot{q}) \dot{q}` is the vector accounting for Coriolis, centrifugal forces, gravity, and any
other forces acting on the system except the applied torques :math:`\tau`.
Warnings: If the base is floating, it will return a [6+N,6+N] inertia matrix, where N is the number of actuated
joints. If the base is fixed, it will return a [N,N] inertia matrix
Args:
body_id (int): body unique id.
q (np.array[float[N]]): joint positions of size N, where N is the total number of DoFs.
Returns:
np.array[float[N,N]], np.array[float[6+N,6+N]]: inertia matrix
"""
pass
def calculate_inverse_kinematics(self, body_id, link_id, position, orientation=None, lower_limits=None,
upper_limits=None, joint_ranges=None, rest_poses=None, joint_dampings=None,
solver=None, q_curr=None, max_iters=None, threshold=None):
r"""
Compute the FULL Inverse kinematics; it will return a position for all the actuated joints.
"You can compute the joint angles that makes the end-effector reach a given target position in Cartesian world
space. Internally, Bullet uses an improved version of Samuel Buss Inverse Kinematics library. At the moment
only the Damped Least Squares method with or without Null Space control is exposed, with a single end-effector
target. Optionally you can also specify the target orientation of the end effector. In addition, there is an
option to use the null-space to specify joint limits and rest poses. This optional null-space support requires
all 4 lists (lower_limits, upper_limits, joint_ranges, rest_poses), otherwise regular IK will be used." [1]
Args:
body_id (int): body unique id, as returned by `load_urdf`, etc.
link_id (int): end effector link index.
position (np.array[float[3]]): target position of the end effector (its link coordinate, not center of mass
coordinate!). By default this is in Cartesian world space, unless you provide `q_curr` joint angles.
orientation (np.array[float[4]]): target orientation in Cartesian world space, quaternion [x,y,w,z]. If not
specified, pure position IK will be used.
lower_limits (np.array[float[N]], list of N floats): lower joint limits. Optional null-space IK.
upper_limits (np.array[float[N]], list of N floats): upper joint limits. Optional null-space IK.
joint_ranges (np.array[float[N]], list of N floats): range of value of each joint.
rest_poses (np.array[float[N]], list of N floats): joint rest poses. Favor an IK solution closer to a
given rest pose.
joint_dampings (np.array[float[N]], list of N floats): joint damping factors. Allow to tune the IK solution
using joint damping factors.
solver (int): p.IK_DLS (=0) or p.IK_SDLS (=1), Damped Least Squares or Selective Damped Least Squares, as
described in the paper by Samuel Buss "Selectively Damped Least Squares for Inverse Kinematics".
q_curr (np.array[float[N]]): list of joint positions. By default PyBullet uses the joint positions of the
body. If provided, the target_position and targetOrientation is in local space!
max_iters (int): maximum number of iterations. Refine the IK solution until the distance between target
and actual end effector position is below this threshold, or the `max_iters` is reached.
threshold (float): residual threshold. Refine the IK solution until the distance between target and actual
end effector position is below this threshold, or the `max_iters` is reached.
Returns:
np.array[float[N]]: joint positions (for each actuated joint).
"""
pass
def calculate_inverse_dynamics(self, body_id, q, dq, des_ddq):
r"""
Starting from the specified joint positions :math:`q` and velocities :math:`\dot{q}`, it computes the joint
torques :math:`\tau` required to reach the desired joint accelerations :math:`\ddot{q}_{des}`. That is,
:math:`\tau = ID(model, q, \dot{q}, \ddot{q}_{des})`.
Specifically, it uses the rigid-body equation of motion in joint space given by (see [1]):
.. math:: \tau = H(q)\ddot{q} + C(q,\dot{q})
where :math:`\tau` is the vector of applied torques, :math:`H(q)` is the inertia matrix, and
:math:`C(q,\dot{q}) \dot{q}` is the vector accounting for Coriolis, centrifugal forces, gravity, and any
other forces acting on the system except the applied torques :math:`\tau`.
Normally, a more popular form of this equation of motion (in joint space) is given by:
.. math:: H(q) \ddot{q} + S(q,\dot{q}) \dot{q} + g(q) = \tau + J^T(q) F
which is the same as the first one with :math:`C = S\dot{q} + g(q) - J^T(q) F`. However, this last formulation
is useful to understand what happens when we set some variables to 0.
Assuming that there are no forces acting on the system, and giving desired joint accelerations of 0, this
method will return :math:`\tau = S(q,\dot{q}) \dot{q} + g(q)`. If in addition joint velocities are also 0,
it will return :math:`\tau = g(q)` which can for instance be useful for gravity compensation.
For forward dynamics, which computes the joint accelerations given the joint positions, velocities, and
torques (that is, :math:`\ddot{q} = FD(model, q, \dot{q}, \tau)`, this can be computed using
:math:`\ddot{q} = H^{-1} (\tau - C)` (see also `computeFullFD`). For more information about different
control schemes (position, force, impedance control and others), or about the formulation of the equation
of motion in task/operational space (instead of joint space), check the references [1-4].
Args:
body_id (int): body unique id.
q (np.array[float[N]]): joint positions
dq (np.array[float[N]]): joint velocities
des_ddq (np.array[float[N]]): desired joint accelerations
Returns:
np.array[float[N]]: joint torques computed using the rigid-body equation of motion
References:
- [1] "Rigid Body Dynamics Algorithms", Featherstone, 2008, chap1.1
- [2] "Robotics: Modelling, Planning and Control", Siciliano et al., 2010
- [3] "Springer Handbook of Robotics", Siciliano et al., 2008
- [4] Lecture on "Impedance Control" by Prof. De Luca, Universita di Roma,
http://www.diag.uniroma1.it/~deluca/rob2_en/15_ImpedanceControl.pdf
"""
pass
def calculate_forward_dynamics(self, body_id, q, dq, torques):
r"""
Given the specified joint positions :math:`q` and velocities :math:`\dot{q}`, and joint torques :math:`\tau`,
it computes the joint accelerations :math:`\ddot{q}`. That is, :math:`\ddot{q} = FD(model, q, \dot{q}, \tau)`.
Specifically, it uses the rigid-body equation of motion in joint space given by (see [1]):
.. math:: \ddot{q} = H(q)^{-1} (\tau - C(q,\dot{q}))
where :math:`\tau` is the vector of applied torques, :math:`H(q)` is the inertia matrix, and
:math:`C(q,\dot{q}) \dot{q}` is the vector accounting for Coriolis, centrifugal forces, gravity, and any
other forces acting on the system except the applied torques :math:`\tau`.
Normally, a more popular form of this equation of motion (in joint space) is given by:
.. math:: H(q) \ddot{q} + S(q,\dot{q}) \dot{q} + g(q) = \tau + J^T(q) F
which is the same as the first one with :math:`C = S\dot{q} + g(q) - J^T(q) F`. However, this last formulation
is useful to understand what happens when we set some variables to 0.
Assuming that there are no forces acting on the system, and giving desired joint torques of 0, this
method will return :math:`\ddot{q} = - H(q)^{-1} (S(q,\dot{q}) \dot{q} + g(q))`. If in addition
the joint velocities are also 0, it will return :math:`\ddot{q} = - H(q)^{-1} g(q)` which are
the accelerations due to gravity.
For inverse dynamics, which computes the joint torques given the joint positions, velocities, and
accelerations (that is, :math:`\tau = ID(model, q, \dot{q}, \ddot{q})`, this can be computed using
:math:`\tau = H(q)\ddot{q} + C(q,\dot{q})`. For more information about different
control schemes (position, force, impedance control and others), or about the formulation of the equation
of motion in task/operational space (instead of joint space), check the references [1-4].
Args:
body_id (int): unique body id.
q (np.array[float[N]]): joint positions
dq (np.array[float[N]]): joint velocities
torques (np.array[float[N]]): desired joint torques
Returns:
np.array[float[N]]: joint accelerations computed using the rigid-body equation of motion
References:
- [1] "Rigid Body Dynamics Algorithms", Featherstone, 2008, chap1.1
- [2] "Robotics: Modelling, Planning and Control", Siciliano et al., 2010
- [3] "Springer Handbook of Robotics", Siciliano et al., 2008
- [4] Lecture on "Impedance Control" by Prof. De Luca, Universita di Roma,
http://www.diag.uniroma1.it/~deluca/rob2_en/15_ImpedanceControl.pdf
"""
pass
# debug
def add_user_debug_line(self, from_pos, to_pos, rgb_color=None, width=None, lifetime=None, parent_object_id=None,
parent_link_id=None, line_id=None):
"""Add a user debug line in the simulator.
You can add a 3d line specified by a 3d starting point (from) and end point (to), a color [red,green,blue],
a line width and a duration in seconds.
Args:
from_pos (np.array[float[3]]): starting point of the line in Cartesian world coordinates
to_pos (np.array[float[3]]): end point of the line in Cartesian world coordinates
rgb_color (np.array[float[3]]): RGB color (each channel in range [0,1])
width (float): line width (limited by OpenGL implementation).
lifetime (float): use 0 for permanent line, or positive time in seconds (afterwards the line with be
removed automatically)
parent_object_id (int): draw line in local coordinates of a parent object.
parent_link_id (int): draw line in local coordinates of a parent link.
line_id (int): replace an existing line item (to avoid flickering of remove/add).
Returns:
int: unique user debug line id.
"""
pass
def add_user_debug_text(self, text, position, rgb_color=None, size=None, lifetime=None, orientation=None,
parent_object_id=None, parent_link_id=None, text_id=None):
"""
Add 3D text at a specific location using a color and size.
Args:
text (str): text.
position (np.array[float[3]]): 3d position of the text in Cartesian world coordinates.
rgb_color (list/tuple of 3 floats): RGB color; each component in range [0..1]
size (float): text size
lifetime (float): use 0 for permanent text, or positive time in seconds (afterwards the text with be
removed automatically)
orientation (np.array[float[4]]): By default, debug text will always face the camera, automatically
rotation. By specifying a text orientation (quaternion), the orientation will be fixed in world space
or local space (when parent is specified). Note that a different implementation/shader is used for
camera facing text, with different appearance: camera facing text uses bitmap fonts, text with
specified orientation uses TrueType font.
parent_object_id (int): draw text in local coordinates of a parent object.
parent_link_id (int): draw text in local coordinates of a parent link.
text_id (int): replace an existing text item (to avoid flickering of remove/add).
Returns:
int: unique user debug text id.
"""
pass
def add_user_debug_parameter(self, name, min_range, max_range, start_value):
"""
Add custom sliders to tune parameters.
Args:
name (str): name of the parameter.
min_range (float): minimum value.
max_range (float): maximum value.
start_value (float): starting value.
Returns:
int: unique user debug parameter id.
"""
pass
def read_user_debug_parameter(self, parameter_id):
"""
Read the value of the parameter / slider.
Args:
parameter_id: unique user debug parameter id.
Returns:
float: reading of the parameter.
"""
pass
def remove_user_debug_item(self, item_id):
"""
Remove the specified user debug item (line, text, parameter) from the simulator.
Args:
item_id (int): unique id of the debug item to be removed (line, text etc)
"""
pass
def remove_all_user_debug_items(self):
"""
Remove all user debug items from the simulator.
"""
pass
def set_debug_object_color(self, object_id, link_id, rgb_color=(1, 0, 0)):
"""
Override the color of a specific object and link.
Args:
object_id (int): unique object id.
link_id (int): link id.
rgb_color (float[3]): RGB debug color.
"""
pass
def add_user_data(self, object_id, key, value):
"""
Add user data (at the moment text strings) attached to any link of a body. You can also override a previous
given value. You can add multiple user data to the same body/link.
Args:
object_id (int): unique object/link id.
key (str): key string.
value (str): value string.
Returns:
int: user data id.
"""
pass
def num_user_data(self, object_id):
"""
Return the number of user data associated with the specified object/link id.
Args:
object_id (int): unique object/link id.
Returns:
int: the number of user data
"""
pass
def get_user_data(self, user_data_id):
"""
Get the specified user data value.
Args:
user_data_id (int): unique user data id.
Returns:
str: value string.
"""
pass
def get_user_data_id(self, object_id, key):
"""
Get the specified user data id.
Args:
object_id (int): unique object/link id.
key (str): key string.
Returns:
int: user data id.
"""
pass
def get_user_data_info(self, object_id, index):
"""
Get the user data info associated with the given object and index.
Args:
object_id (int): unique object id.
index (int): index (should be between [0, self.num_user_data(object_id)]).
Returns:
int: user data id.
str: key.
int: body id.
int: link index
int: visual shape index.
"""
pass
def remove_user_data(self, user_data_id):
"""
Remove the specified user data.
Args:
user_data_id (int): user data id.
"""
pass
def sync_user_data(self):
"""
Synchronize the user data.
"""
pass
def configure_debug_visualizer(self, flag, enable):
"""Configure the debug visualizer camera.
Configure some settings of the built-in OpenGL visualizer, such as enabling or disabling wireframe,
shadows and GUI rendering.
Args:
flag (int): The feature to enable or disable, such as
COV_ENABLE_WIREFRAME (=3): show/hide the collision wireframe
COV_ENABLE_SHADOWS (=2): show/hide shadows
COV_ENABLE_GUI (=1): enable/disable the GUI
COV_ENABLE_VR_PICKING (=5): enable/disable VR picking
COV_ENABLE_VR_TELEPORTING (=4): enable/disable VR teleporting
COV_ENABLE_RENDERING (=7): enable/disable rendering
COV_ENABLE_TINY_RENDERER (=12): enable/disable tiny renderer
COV_ENABLE_VR_RENDER_CONTROLLERS (=6): render VR controllers
COV_ENABLE_KEYBOARD_SHORTCUTS (=9): enable/disable keyboard shortcuts
COV_ENABLE_MOUSE_PICKING (=10): enable/disable mouse picking
COV_ENABLE_Y_AXIS_UP (Z is default world up axis) (=11): enable/disable Y axis up
COV_ENABLE_RGB_BUFFER_PREVIEW (=13): enable/disable RGB buffer preview
COV_ENABLE_DEPTH_BUFFER_PREVIEW (=14): enable/disable Depth buffer preview
COV_ENABLE_SEGMENTATION_MARK_PREVIEW (=15): enable/disable segmentation mark preview
enable (bool): False (disable) or True (enable)
"""
pass
def get_debug_visualizer(self):
"""Get information about the debug visualizer camera.
Returns:
float: width of the visualizer camera
float: height of the visualizer camera
np.array[float[4,4]],4]: view matrix [4,4]
np.array[float[4,4]],4]: perspective projection matrix [4,4]
np.array[float[3]]: camera up vector expressed in the Cartesian world space
np.array[float[3]]: forward axis of the camera expressed in the Cartesian world space
np.array[float[3]]: This is a horizontal vector that can be used to generate rays (for mouse picking or
creating a simple ray tracer for example)
np.array[float[3]]: This is a vertical vector that can be used to generate rays (for mouse picking or
creating a simple ray tracer for example)
float: yaw angle (in radians) of the camera, in Cartesian local space coordinates
float: pitch angle (in radians) of the camera, in Cartesian local space coordinates
float: distance between the camera and the camera target
np.array[float[3]]: target of the camera, in Cartesian world space coordinates
"""
pass
def reset_debug_visualizer(self, distance, yaw, pitch, target_position):
"""Reset the debug visualizer camera.
Reset the 3D OpenGL debug visualizer camera distance (between eye and camera target position), camera yaw and
pitch and camera target position
Args:
distance (float): distance from eye to camera target position
yaw (float): camera yaw angle (in radians) left/right
pitch (float): camera pitch angle (in radians) up/down
target_position (np.array[float[3]]): target focus point of the camera
"""
pass
# events (mouse, keyboard)
def get_keyboard_events(self):
"""Get the key events.
Returns:
dict: {keyId: keyState}
* `keyID` is an integer (ascii code) representing the key. Some special keys like shift, arrows,
and others are are defined in pybullet such as `B3G_SHIFT`, `B3G_LEFT_ARROW`, `B3G_UP_ARROW`,...
* `keyState` is an integer. 3 if the button has been pressed, 1 if the key is down, 2 if the key has
been triggered.
"""
pass
def get_mouse_events(self):
"""Get the mouse events.
Returns:
list of mouse events:
eventType (int): 1 if the mouse is moving, 2 if a button has been pressed or released
mousePosX (float): x-coordinates of the mouse pointer
mousePosY (float): y-coordinates of the mouse pointer
buttonIdx (int): button index for left/middle/right mouse button. It is -1 if nothing,
0 if left button, 1 if scroll wheel (pressed), 2 if right button
buttonState (int): 0 if nothing, 3 if the button has been pressed, 4 is the button has been released,
1 if the key is down (never observed), 2 if the key has been triggered (never
observed).
"""
pass
def get_mouse_and_keyboard_events(self):
"""Get the mouse and key events.
Returns:
list: list of mouse events
dict: dictionary of key events
"""
pass
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