How to Use t-SNE Effectively

Although extremely useful for visualizing high-dimensional data, t-SNE plots can sometimes be mysterious or misleading.

How to Use t-SNE Effectively

Although extremely useful for visualizing high-dimensional data, t-SNE plots can sometimes be mysterious or misleading.

A popular method for exploring high-dimensional data is something called t-SNE. The technique has become widespread in the field of machine learning, since it has an almost magical ability to create compelling two-dimensonal “maps” from data with hundreds or even thousands of dimensions. Although impressive, these images can be tempting to misread. The purpose of this note is to prevent some common misreadings.

Before diving in: if you haven’t encountered t-SNE before, here’s what you need to know about the math behind it. The goal is to take a set of points in a high-dimensional space and find a faithful representation of those points in a lower-dimensional space, typically the 2D plane. The algorithm is non-linear and adapts to the underlying data, performing different transformations on different regions. Those differences can be a major source of confusion.

This is the first paragraph of the article. Test a long — dash -- here it is.

Test for owner's possessive. Test for "quoting a passage." And another sentence. Or two. Some flopping fins; for diving.

Here's a test of an inline equation c = a^2 + b^2. And then there's a block equation:

c = \pm \sqrt{ \sum_{i=0}^{n}{a^{222} + b^2}}

Math can also be quite involved: f(x) = \int_{-\infty}^\infty\hat f(\xi)\,e^{2 \pi i \xi x}\,d\xi \frac{1}{\Bigl(\sqrt{\phi \sqrt{5}}-\phi\Bigr) e^{\frac25 \pi}} = 1+\frac{e^{-2\pi}} {1+\frac{e^{-4\pi}} {1+\frac{e^{-6\pi}} {1+\frac{e^{-8\pi}} {1+\cdots} } } }

We can also cite external publications.

We should also be testing footnotesThis will become a hoverable footnote. This will become a hoverable footnote. This will become a hoverable footnote. This will become a hoverable footnote. This will become a hoverable footnote. This will become a hoverable footnote. This will become a hoverable footnote. This will become a hoverable footnote.. There are multiple footnotes, and they appear in the appendixGiven I have coded them right. Also, here's math in a footnote: c = \sum_0^i{x}. Also, a citation. Box-ception! as well.

First	Second	Third
23	654	23
14	54	34
234	54	23

Displaying code snippets

Some inline javascript:var x = 25;. And here's a javascript code block.

var x = 25; function(x){ return x * x; }

We also support python.

# Python 3: Fibonacci series up to n def fib(n): a, b = 0, 1 while a < n: print(a, end=' ') a, b = b, a+b

That's it for the example article!

Some text.