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DOC: improved beginner tutorial
This commit is contained in:
Victor Grau Serrat
+226
-73
@@ -159,13 +159,17 @@ You can now test your algorithm using cryptoassets' historical pricing data,
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``catalyst`` provides three interfaces:
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- A command-line interface (CLI),
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- the ``IPython Notebook`` magic,
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- and a :func:`~catalyst.run_algorithm` that you can call from other
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Python scripts.
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- a :func:`~catalyst.run_algorithm()` that you can call from other
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Python scripts,
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- and the ``Jupyter Notebook`` magic.
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We'll start with the CLI, and introduce the ``IPython Notebook`` below. Some of
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the :doc:`example algorithms <example-algos>` provide instructions on how to run
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them both from the CLI, and using the :func:`~catalyst.run_algorithm` function.
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We'll start with the CLI, and introduce the ``run_algorithm()`` in the last
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example of this tutorial. Some of the :doc:`example algorithms <example-algos>`
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provide instructions on how to run them both from the CLI, and using the
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:func:`~catalyst.run_algorithm` function. For the third method, refer to the
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corresponding section on :doc:`Catalyst & Jupyter Notebook <jupyter>` after you
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have assimilated the contents of this tutorial.
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Command line interface
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^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
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@@ -263,7 +267,7 @@ command line args all the time.
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Thus, to execute our algorithm from above and save the results to
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``buy_btc_simple_out.pickle`` we would call ``catalyst run`` as follows:
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.. code-block:: python
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.. code-block:: bash
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catalyst run -f buy_btc_simple.py -x bitfinex --start 2016-1-1 --end 2017-9-30 -c usd --capital-base 100000 -o buy_btc_simple_out.pickle
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@@ -560,78 +564,235 @@ If the short-mavg crosses from above we exit the positions as we assume
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the stock to go down further.
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As we need to have access to previous prices to implement this strategy
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we need a new concept: History
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we need a new concept: History. ``data.history()`` is a convenience function
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that keeps a rolling window of data for you. The first argument is the number
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of bars you want to collect, the second argument is the unit (either ``'1d'``
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for daily or ``'1m'`` for minute frequency, but note that you need to have
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minute-level data when using ``1m``). This is a function we use in the
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``handle_data()`` section.
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``data.history()`` is a convenience function that keeps a rolling window of
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data for you. The first argument is the number of bars you want to
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collect, the second argument is the unit (either ``'1d'`` for ``'1m'``
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but note that you need to have minute-level data for using ``1m``). This is
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a function we use in the ``handle_data()`` section:
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.. code-block:: python
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%load_ext catalyst
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You will note that the code below is substantially longer than the previous
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examples. Don't get overwhelmed by it as the logic is fairly simple and easy to
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follow. Most of the added some complexity has been added to beautify the output,
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which you can skim through for now. A copy of this algorithm is available in
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the ``examples`` directory:
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`dual_moving_average.py <https://github.com/enigmampc/catalyst/blob/master/catalyst/examples/dual_moving_average.py>`_.
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.. code-block:: python
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%%catalyst --start 2016-4-1 --end 2017-9-30 -x bitfinex
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import numpy as np
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import pandas as pd
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from logbook import Logger
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import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
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from catalyst.api import order, record, symbol, order_target
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from catalyst import run_algorithm
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from catalyst.api import (order, record, symbol, order_target_percent,
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get_open_orders)
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from catalyst.exchange.stats_utils import extract_transactions
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NAMESPACE = 'dual_moving_average'
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log = Logger(NAMESPACE)
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def initialize(context):
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context.i = 0
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context.asset = symbol('btc_usd')
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context.i = 0
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context.asset = symbol('ltc_usd')
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context.base_price = None
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def handle_data(context, data):
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# Skip first 150 days to get full windows
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context.i += 1
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if context.i < 150:
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# define the windows for the moving averages
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short_window = 50
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long_window = 200
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# Skip as many bars as long_window to properly compute the average
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context.i += 1
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if context.i < long_window:
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return
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# Compute averages
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# data.history() has to be called with the same params
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# from above and returns a pandas dataframe.
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short_mavg = data.history(context.asset, 'price', bar_count=50, frequency="1d").mean()
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long_mavg = data.history(context.asset, 'price', bar_count=150, frequency="1d").mean()
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# Compute moving averages calling data.history() for each
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# moving average with the appropriate parameters. We choose to use
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# minute bars for this simulation -> freq="1m"
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# Returns a pandas dataframe.
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short_mavg = data.history(context.asset, 'price',
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bar_count=short_window, frequency="1m").mean()
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long_mavg = data.history(context.asset, 'price',
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bar_count=long_window, frequency="1m").mean()
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# Trading logic
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if short_mavg > long_mavg:
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# order_target orders as many shares as needed to
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# achieve the desired number of shares.
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order_target(context.asset, 100)
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elif short_mavg < long_mavg:
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order_target(context.asset, 0)
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# Let's keep the price of our asset in a more handy variable
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price = data.current(context.asset, 'price')
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# If base_price is not set, we use the current value. This is the
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# price at the first bar which we reference to calculate price_change.
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if context.base_price is None:
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context.base_price = price
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price_change = (price - context.base_price) / context.base_price
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# Save values for later inspection
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record(price=price,
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cash=context.portfolio.cash,
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price_change=price_change,
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short_mavg=short_mavg,
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long_mavg=long_mavg)
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# Since we are using limit orders, some orders may not execute immediately
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# we wait until all orders are executed before considering more trades.
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orders = get_open_orders(context.asset)
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if len(orders) > 0:
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return
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# Exit if we cannot trade
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if not data.can_trade(context.asset):
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return
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# We check what's our position on our portfolio and trade accordingly
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pos_amount = context.portfolio.positions[context.asset].amount
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# Trading logic
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if short_mavg > long_mavg and pos_amount == 0:
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# we buy 100% of our portfolio for this asset
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order_target_percent(context.asset, 1)
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elif short_mavg < long_mavg and pos_amount > 0:
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# we sell all our positions for this asset
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order_target_percent(context.asset, 0)
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# Save values for later inspection
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record(btc=data.current(context.asset, 'price'),
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short_mavg=short_mavg,
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long_mavg=long_mavg)
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def analyze(context, perf):
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import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
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fig = plt.figure(figsize=(12,12))
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ax1 = fig.add_subplot(211)
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perf.portfolio_value.plot(ax=ax1)
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ax1.set_ylabel('portfolio value in $')
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ax2 = fig.add_subplot(212)
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perf['btc'].plot(ax=ax2)
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perf[['short_mavg', 'long_mavg']].plot(ax=ax2)
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# Get the base_currency that was passed as a parameter to the simulation
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base_currency = context.exchanges.values()[0].base_currency.upper()
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perf_trans = perf.ix[[t != [] for t in perf.transactions]]
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buys = perf_trans.ix[[t[0]['amount'] > 0 for t in perf_trans.transactions]]
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sells = perf_trans.ix[
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[t[0]['amount'] < 0 for t in perf_trans.transactions]]
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ax2.plot(buys.index, perf.short_mavg.ix[buys.index],
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'^', markersize=10, color='m')
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ax2.plot(sells.index, perf.short_mavg.ix[sells.index],
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'v', markersize=10, color='k')
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ax2.set_ylabel('price in $')
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plt.legend(loc=0)
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plt.show()
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# First chart: Plot portfolio value using base_currency
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ax1 = plt.subplot(411)
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perf.loc[:, ['portfolio_value']].plot(ax=ax1)
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ax1.legend_.remove()
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ax1.set_ylabel('Portfolio Value\n({})'.format(base_currency))
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start, end = ax1.get_ylim()
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ax1.yaxis.set_ticks(np.arange(start, end, (end-start)/5))
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Here we are explicitly defining an ``analyze()`` function that gets
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automatically called once the backtest is done.
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# Second chart: Plot asset price, moving averages and buys/sells
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ax2 = plt.subplot(412, sharex=ax1)
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perf.loc[:, ['price','short_mavg','long_mavg']].plot(ax=ax2, label='Price')
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ax2.legend_.remove()
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ax2.set_ylabel('{asset}\n({base})'.format(
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asset = context.asset.symbol,
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base = base_currency
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))
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start, end = ax2.get_ylim()
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ax2.yaxis.set_ticks(np.arange(start, end, (end-start)/5))
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transaction_df = extract_transactions(perf)
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if not transaction_df.empty:
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buy_df = transaction_df[transaction_df['amount'] > 0]
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sell_df = transaction_df[transaction_df['amount'] < 0]
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ax2.scatter(
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buy_df.index.to_pydatetime(),
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perf.loc[buy_df.index, 'price'],
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marker='^',
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s=100,
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c='green',
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label=''
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)
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ax2.scatter(
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sell_df.index.to_pydatetime(),
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perf.loc[sell_df.index, 'price'],
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marker='v',
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s=100,
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c='red',
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label=''
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)
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# Third chart: Compare percentage change between our portfolio
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# and the price of the asset
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ax3 = plt.subplot(413, sharex=ax1)
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perf.loc[:, ['algorithm_period_return', 'price_change']].plot(ax=ax3)
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ax3.legend_.remove()
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ax3.set_ylabel('Percent Change')
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start, end = ax3.get_ylim()
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ax3.yaxis.set_ticks(np.arange(start, end, (end-start)/5))
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# Fourth chart: Plot our cash
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ax4 = plt.subplot(414, sharex=ax1)
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perf.cash.plot(ax=ax4)
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ax4.set_ylabel('Cash\n({})'.format(base_currency))
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start, end = ax4.get_ylim()
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ax4.yaxis.set_ticks(np.arange(0, end, end/5))
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plt.show()
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if __name__ == '__main__':
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run_algorithm(
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capital_base=1000,
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data_frequency='minute',
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initialize=initialize,
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handle_data=handle_data,
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analyze=analyze,
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exchange_name='bitfinex',
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algo_namespace=NAMESPACE,
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base_currency='usd',
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start=pd.to_datetime('2017-9-22', utc=True),
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end=pd.to_datetime('2017-9-23', utc=True),
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)
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In order to run the code above, you have to ingest the needed data first:
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.. code-block:: bash
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catalyst ingest-exchange -x bitfinex -f minute -i ltc_usd
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And then run the code above with the following command:
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.. code-block:: bash
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catalyst run -f dual_moving_average.py -x bitfinex -s 2017-9-22 -e 2017-9-23 --capital-base 1000 --base-currency usd --data-frequency minute -o out.pickle
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Alternatively, we can make use of the ``run_algorithm()`` function included at
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the end of the file, where we can specify all the simulation parameters, and
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execute this file as a Python script:
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.. code-block:: bash
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python dual_moving_average.py
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Either way, we obtain the following charts:
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.. image:: https://s3.amazonaws.com/enigmaco-docs/github.io/tutorial_dual_moving_average.png
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A few comments on the code above:
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At the beginning of our code, we import a number of Python libraries that we
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will be using in different parts of our script. It's good practice to keep all
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imports at the beginning of the file, as they are available globally
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throughout our script. All the libraries imported in this example are already
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present in your environment since they are prerequisites for the Catalyst
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installation.
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Focus on the code that is inside ``handle_data()`` that is where all the
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trading logic occurs. You can safely dismiss most of the code in the
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``analyze()`` section, which is mostly to customize the visualization of the
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performance of our algorithm using the matplotlib library. You can copy and
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paste this whole section into other algorithms to obtain a similar display.
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Inside the ``handle_data()``, we also used the ``order_target_percent()``
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function above. This and other functions like it can make order management
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and portfolio rebalancing much easier.
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The ``ltc_usd`` asset was arbitrarily chosen. The values of 50 and 200 for the
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``short_window`` and ``long_window`` parameters are fairly common for a dual
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moving average crossover strategy from the world of traditional stocks (but
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bear in mind that they are usually used with daily bars instead of minute
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bars). The ``start`` and ``end`` dates have been chosen so as to demonstrate
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how our strategy can both perform better (blue line above green line on the
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``Percent Change`` chart) and worse (green line above blue line towards the end) than the
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price of the asset we are trading.
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You can change any of these parameters: ``asset``, ``short_window``,
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``long_window``, ``start_date`` and ``end_date`` and compare the results, and
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you will see that in most cases, the performance is either worse than the
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price of the asset, or you are overfitting to one specific case. As we said
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at the beginning of this section, this strategy is probably not used by any
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serious trader anymore, but its educational purpose.
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Although it might not be directly apparent, the power of ``history()``
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(pun intended) can not be under-estimated as most algorithms make use of
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@@ -643,21 +804,13 @@ the ``scikit-learn`` functions require ``numpy.ndarray``\ s rather than
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``pandas.DataFrame``\ s, so you can simply pass the underlying
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``ndarray`` of a ``DataFrame`` via ``.values``).
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We also used the ``order_target()`` function above. This and other
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functions like it can make order management and portfolio rebalancing
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much easier.
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Conclusions
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~~~~~~~~~~~
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Next steps
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~~~~~~~~~~
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We hope that this tutorial gave you a little insight into the
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architecture, API, and features of ``catalyst``. For next steps, check
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out some of the
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`examples <https://github.com/enigmampc/catalyst/tree/master/catalyst/examples>`__.
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The natural next step would be too look into the
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`buy_and_hodl <https://github.com/enigmampc/catalyst/blob/master/catalyst/examples/buy_and_hodl.py>`_
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example, which is a more elaborated and realistic version of the ``buy_btc_simple`` example presented in this tutorial.
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architecture, API, and features of Catalyst. For next steps, check
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out some of the other :doc:`example algorithms<example-algos>`.
|
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|
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Feel free to ask questions on the ``#catalyst_dev`` channel of our
|
||||
`Discord group <https://discord.gg/SJK32GY>`__ and report
|
||||
|
||||
+1
-1
@@ -103,7 +103,7 @@
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<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="beginner-tutorial.html#working-example-dual-moving-average-cross-over">Working example: Dual Moving Average Cross-Over</a></li>
|
||||
</ul>
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="beginner-tutorial.html#conclusions">Conclusions</a></li>
|
||||
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="beginner-tutorial.html#next-steps">Next steps</a></li>
|
||||
</ul>
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="jupyter.html">Catalyst & Jupyter Notebook</a><ul>
|
||||
|
||||
+227
-90
@@ -105,7 +105,7 @@
|
||||
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="#working-example-dual-moving-average-cross-over">Working example: Dual Moving Average Cross-Over</a></li>
|
||||
</ul>
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="#conclusions">Conclusions</a></li>
|
||||
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="#next-steps">Next steps</a></li>
|
||||
</ul>
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="jupyter.html">Catalyst & Jupyter Notebook</a><ul>
|
||||
@@ -150,46 +150,41 @@
|
||||
</ul>
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="releases.html">Release Notes</a><ul>
|
||||
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="releases.html#version-0-3-9">Version 0.3.9</a><ul>
|
||||
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="releases.html#bug-fixes">Bug Fixes</a></li>
|
||||
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="releases.html#build">Build</a></li>
|
||||
</ul>
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="releases.html#version-0-3-8">Version 0.3.8</a><ul>
|
||||
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="releases.html#id1">Bug Fixes</a></li>
|
||||
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="releases.html#bug-fixes">Bug Fixes</a></li>
|
||||
</ul>
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="releases.html#version-0-3-7">Version 0.3.7</a><ul>
|
||||
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="releases.html#id2">Bug Fixes</a></li>
|
||||
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="releases.html#id3">Build</a></li>
|
||||
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="releases.html#id1">Bug Fixes</a></li>
|
||||
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="releases.html#build">Build</a></li>
|
||||
</ul>
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="releases.html#version-0-3-6">Version 0.3.6</a><ul>
|
||||
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="releases.html#id4">Bug Fixes</a></li>
|
||||
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="releases.html#id2">Bug Fixes</a></li>
|
||||
</ul>
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="releases.html#version-0-3-5">Version 0.3.5</a><ul>
|
||||
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="releases.html#id5">Bug Fixes</a></li>
|
||||
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="releases.html#id3">Bug Fixes</a></li>
|
||||
</ul>
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="releases.html#version-0-3-4">Version 0.3.4</a><ul>
|
||||
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="releases.html#id6">Bug Fixes</a></li>
|
||||
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="releases.html#id7">Build</a></li>
|
||||
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="releases.html#id4">Bug Fixes</a></li>
|
||||
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="releases.html#id5">Build</a></li>
|
||||
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="releases.html#documentation">Documentation</a></li>
|
||||
</ul>
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="releases.html#version-0-3-3">Version 0.3.3</a><ul>
|
||||
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="releases.html#id7">Bug Fixes</a></li>
|
||||
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="releases.html#id8">Build</a></li>
|
||||
</ul>
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="releases.html#version-0-3-2">Version 0.3.2</a><ul>
|
||||
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="releases.html#id9">Bug Fixes</a></li>
|
||||
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="releases.html#id10">Build</a></li>
|
||||
</ul>
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="releases.html#version-0-3-2">Version 0.3.2</a><ul>
|
||||
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="releases.html#id11">Bug Fixes</a></li>
|
||||
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="releases.html#id12">Build</a></li>
|
||||
</ul>
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="releases.html#version-0-3-1">Version 0.3.1</a><ul>
|
||||
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="releases.html#id13">Bug Fixes</a></li>
|
||||
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="releases.html#id11">Bug Fixes</a></li>
|
||||
</ul>
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="releases.html#version-0-3">Version 0.3</a></li>
|
||||
@@ -371,13 +366,16 @@ following from the command line:</p>
|
||||
<code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">catalyst</span></code> provides three interfaces:</p>
|
||||
<ul class="simple">
|
||||
<li>A command-line interface (CLI),</li>
|
||||
<li>the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">IPython</span> <span class="pre">Notebook</span></code> magic,</li>
|
||||
<li>and a <code class="xref py py-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">run_algorithm()</span></code> that you can call from other
|
||||
Python scripts.</li>
|
||||
<li>a <code class="xref py py-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">run_algorithm()</span></code> that you can call from other
|
||||
Python scripts,</li>
|
||||
<li>and the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">Jupyter</span> <span class="pre">Notebook</span></code> magic.</li>
|
||||
</ul>
|
||||
<p>We’ll start with the CLI, and introduce the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">IPython</span> <span class="pre">Notebook</span></code> below. Some of
|
||||
the <a class="reference internal" href="example-algos.html"><em>example algorithms</em></a> provide instructions on how to run
|
||||
them both from the CLI, and using the <code class="xref py py-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">run_algorithm()</span></code> function.</p>
|
||||
<p>We’ll start with the CLI, and introduce the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">run_algorithm()</span></code> in the last
|
||||
example of this tutorial. Some of the <a class="reference internal" href="example-algos.html"><em>example algorithms</em></a>
|
||||
provide instructions on how to run them both from the CLI, and using the
|
||||
<code class="xref py py-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">run_algorithm()</span></code> function. For the third method, refer to the
|
||||
corresponding section on <a class="reference internal" href="jupyter.html"><em>Catalyst & Jupyter Notebook</em></a> after you
|
||||
have assimilated the contents of this tutorial.</p>
|
||||
<div class="section" id="command-line-interface">
|
||||
<h3>Command line interface<a class="headerlink" href="#command-line-interface" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
|
||||
<p>After you installed Catalyst, you should be able to execute the following
|
||||
@@ -462,7 +460,7 @@ conveniently pass to the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">-c</sp
|
||||
command line args all the time.</p>
|
||||
<p>Thus, to execute our algorithm from above and save the results to
|
||||
<code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">buy_btc_simple_out.pickle</span></code> we would call <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">catalyst</span> <span class="pre">run</span></code> as follows:</p>
|
||||
<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="n">catalyst</span> <span class="n">run</span> <span class="o">-</span><span class="n">f</span> <span class="n">buy_btc_simple</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">py</span> <span class="o">-</span><span class="n">x</span> <span class="n">bitfinex</span> <span class="o">--</span><span class="n">start</span> <span class="mi">2016</span><span class="o">-</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="o">-</span><span class="mi">1</span> <span class="o">--</span><span class="n">end</span> <span class="mi">2017</span><span class="o">-</span><span class="mi">9</span><span class="o">-</span><span class="mi">30</span> <span class="o">-</span><span class="n">c</span> <span class="n">usd</span> <span class="o">--</span><span class="n">capital</span><span class="o">-</span><span class="n">base</span> <span class="mi">100000</span> <span class="o">-</span><span class="n">o</span> <span class="n">buy_btc_simple_out</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">pickle</span>
|
||||
<div class="highlight-bash"><div class="highlight"><pre>catalyst run -f buy_btc_simple.py -x bitfinex --start 2016-1-1 --end 2017-9-30 -c usd --capital-base <span class="m">100000</span> -o buy_btc_simple_out.pickle
|
||||
</pre></div>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre>INFO: run_algo: running algo in backtest mode
|
||||
@@ -731,74 +729,220 @@ we assume that the stock price has upwards momentum and long the stock.
|
||||
If the short-mavg crosses from above we exit the positions as we assume
|
||||
the stock to go down further.</p>
|
||||
<p>As we need to have access to previous prices to implement this strategy
|
||||
we need a new concept: History</p>
|
||||
<p><code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">data.history()</span></code> is a convenience function that keeps a rolling window of
|
||||
data for you. The first argument is the number of bars you want to
|
||||
collect, the second argument is the unit (either <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">'1d'</span></code> for <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">'1m'</span></code>
|
||||
but note that you need to have minute-level data for using <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">1m</span></code>). This is
|
||||
a function we use in the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">handle_data()</span></code> section:</p>
|
||||
<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="o">%</span><span class="n">load_ext</span> <span class="n">catalyst</span>
|
||||
</pre></div>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="o">%%</span><span class="n">catalyst</span> <span class="o">--</span><span class="n">start</span> <span class="mi">2016</span><span class="o">-</span><span class="mi">4</span><span class="o">-</span><span class="mi">1</span> <span class="o">--</span><span class="n">end</span> <span class="mi">2017</span><span class="o">-</span><span class="mi">9</span><span class="o">-</span><span class="mi">30</span> <span class="o">-</span><span class="n">x</span> <span class="n">bitfinex</span>
|
||||
we need a new concept: History. <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">data.history()</span></code> is a convenience function
|
||||
that keeps a rolling window of data for you. The first argument is the number
|
||||
of bars you want to collect, the second argument is the unit (either <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">'1d'</span></code>
|
||||
for daily or <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">'1m'</span></code> for minute frequency, but note that you need to have
|
||||
minute-level data when using <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">1m</span></code>). This is a function we use in the
|
||||
<code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">handle_data()</span></code> section.</p>
|
||||
<p>You will note that the code below is substantially longer than the previous
|
||||
examples. Don’t get overwhelmed by it as the logic is fairly simple and easy to
|
||||
follow. Most of the added some complexity has been added to beautify the output,
|
||||
which you can skim through for now. A copy of this algorithm is available in
|
||||
the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">examples</span></code> directory:
|
||||
<a class="reference external" href="https://github.com/enigmampc/catalyst/blob/master/catalyst/examples/dual_moving_average.py">dual_moving_average.py</a>.</p>
|
||||
<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">numpy</span> <span class="kn">as</span> <span class="nn">np</span>
|
||||
<span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">pandas</span> <span class="kn">as</span> <span class="nn">pd</span>
|
||||
<span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">logbook</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">Logger</span>
|
||||
<span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">matplotlib.pyplot</span> <span class="kn">as</span> <span class="nn">plt</span>
|
||||
|
||||
<span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">catalyst.api</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">order</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">record</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">symbol</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">order_target</span>
|
||||
<span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">catalyst</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">run_algorithm</span>
|
||||
<span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">catalyst.api</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">order</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">record</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">symbol</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">order_target_percent</span><span class="p">,</span>
|
||||
<span class="n">get_open_orders</span><span class="p">)</span>
|
||||
<span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">catalyst.exchange.stats_utils</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">extract_transactions</span>
|
||||
|
||||
<span class="n">NAMESPACE</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s">'dual_moving_average'</span>
|
||||
<span class="n">log</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Logger</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">NAMESPACE</span><span class="p">)</span>
|
||||
|
||||
<span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">initialize</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">context</span><span class="p">):</span>
|
||||
<span class="n">context</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">i</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="mi">0</span>
|
||||
<span class="n">context</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">asset</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">symbol</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">'btc_usd'</span><span class="p">)</span>
|
||||
<span class="n">context</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">i</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="mi">0</span>
|
||||
<span class="n">context</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">asset</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">symbol</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">'ltc_usd'</span><span class="p">)</span>
|
||||
<span class="n">context</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">base_price</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="bp">None</span>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
<span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">handle_data</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">context</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">data</span><span class="p">):</span>
|
||||
<span class="c"># Skip first 150 days to get full windows</span>
|
||||
<span class="n">context</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">i</span> <span class="o">+=</span> <span class="mi">1</span>
|
||||
<span class="k">if</span> <span class="n">context</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">i</span> <span class="o"><</span> <span class="mi">150</span><span class="p">:</span>
|
||||
<span class="c"># define the windows for the moving averages</span>
|
||||
<span class="n">short_window</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="mi">50</span>
|
||||
<span class="n">long_window</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="mi">200</span>
|
||||
|
||||
<span class="c"># Skip as many bars as long_window to properly compute the average</span>
|
||||
<span class="n">context</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">i</span> <span class="o">+=</span> <span class="mi">1</span>
|
||||
<span class="k">if</span> <span class="n">context</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">i</span> <span class="o"><</span> <span class="n">long_window</span><span class="p">:</span>
|
||||
<span class="k">return</span>
|
||||
|
||||
<span class="c"># Compute averages</span>
|
||||
<span class="c"># data.history() has to be called with the same params</span>
|
||||
<span class="c"># from above and returns a pandas dataframe.</span>
|
||||
<span class="n">short_mavg</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">data</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">history</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">context</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">asset</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">'price'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">bar_count</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mi">50</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">frequency</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">"1d"</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">mean</span><span class="p">()</span>
|
||||
<span class="n">long_mavg</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">data</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">history</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">context</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">asset</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">'price'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">bar_count</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mi">150</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">frequency</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">"1d"</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">mean</span><span class="p">()</span>
|
||||
<span class="c"># Compute moving averages calling data.history() for each</span>
|
||||
<span class="c"># moving average with the appropriate parameters. We choose to use</span>
|
||||
<span class="c"># minute bars for this simulation -> freq="1m"</span>
|
||||
<span class="c"># Returns a pandas dataframe.</span>
|
||||
<span class="n">short_mavg</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">data</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">history</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">context</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">asset</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">'price'</span><span class="p">,</span>
|
||||
<span class="n">bar_count</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">short_window</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">frequency</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">"1m"</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">mean</span><span class="p">()</span>
|
||||
<span class="n">long_mavg</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">data</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">history</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">context</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">asset</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">'price'</span><span class="p">,</span>
|
||||
<span class="n">bar_count</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">long_window</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">frequency</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">"1m"</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">mean</span><span class="p">()</span>
|
||||
|
||||
<span class="c"># Trading logic</span>
|
||||
<span class="k">if</span> <span class="n">short_mavg</span> <span class="o">></span> <span class="n">long_mavg</span><span class="p">:</span>
|
||||
<span class="c"># order_target orders as many shares as needed to</span>
|
||||
<span class="c"># achieve the desired number of shares.</span>
|
||||
<span class="n">order_target</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">context</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">asset</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">100</span><span class="p">)</span>
|
||||
<span class="k">elif</span> <span class="n">short_mavg</span> <span class="o"><</span> <span class="n">long_mavg</span><span class="p">:</span>
|
||||
<span class="n">order_target</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">context</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">asset</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">)</span>
|
||||
<span class="c"># Let's keep the price of our asset in a more handy variable</span>
|
||||
<span class="n">price</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">data</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">current</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">context</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">asset</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">'price'</span><span class="p">)</span>
|
||||
|
||||
<span class="c"># If base_price is not set, we use the current value. This is the</span>
|
||||
<span class="c"># price at the first bar which we reference to calculate price_change.</span>
|
||||
<span class="k">if</span> <span class="n">context</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">base_price</span> <span class="ow">is</span> <span class="bp">None</span><span class="p">:</span>
|
||||
<span class="n">context</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">base_price</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">price</span>
|
||||
<span class="n">price_change</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">price</span> <span class="o">-</span> <span class="n">context</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">base_price</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="o">/</span> <span class="n">context</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">base_price</span>
|
||||
|
||||
<span class="c"># Save values for later inspection</span>
|
||||
<span class="n">record</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">price</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">price</span><span class="p">,</span>
|
||||
<span class="n">cash</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">context</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">portfolio</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">cash</span><span class="p">,</span>
|
||||
<span class="n">price_change</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">price_change</span><span class="p">,</span>
|
||||
<span class="n">short_mavg</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">short_mavg</span><span class="p">,</span>
|
||||
<span class="n">long_mavg</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">long_mavg</span><span class="p">)</span>
|
||||
|
||||
<span class="c"># Since we are using limit orders, some orders may not execute immediately</span>
|
||||
<span class="c"># we wait until all orders are executed before considering more trades.</span>
|
||||
<span class="n">orders</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">get_open_orders</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">context</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">asset</span><span class="p">)</span>
|
||||
<span class="k">if</span> <span class="nb">len</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">orders</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="o">></span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">:</span>
|
||||
<span class="k">return</span>
|
||||
|
||||
<span class="c"># Exit if we cannot trade</span>
|
||||
<span class="k">if</span> <span class="ow">not</span> <span class="n">data</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">can_trade</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">context</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">asset</span><span class="p">):</span>
|
||||
<span class="k">return</span>
|
||||
|
||||
<span class="c"># We check what's our position on our portfolio and trade accordingly</span>
|
||||
<span class="n">pos_amount</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">context</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">portfolio</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">positions</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">context</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">asset</span><span class="p">]</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">amount</span>
|
||||
|
||||
<span class="c"># Trading logic</span>
|
||||
<span class="k">if</span> <span class="n">short_mavg</span> <span class="o">></span> <span class="n">long_mavg</span> <span class="ow">and</span> <span class="n">pos_amount</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">:</span>
|
||||
<span class="c"># we buy 100% of our portfolio for this asset</span>
|
||||
<span class="n">order_target_percent</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">context</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">asset</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">)</span>
|
||||
<span class="k">elif</span> <span class="n">short_mavg</span> <span class="o"><</span> <span class="n">long_mavg</span> <span class="ow">and</span> <span class="n">pos_amount</span> <span class="o">></span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">:</span>
|
||||
<span class="c"># we sell all our positions for this asset</span>
|
||||
<span class="n">order_target_percent</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">context</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">asset</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">)</span>
|
||||
|
||||
<span class="c"># Save values for later inspection</span>
|
||||
<span class="n">record</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">btc</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">data</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">current</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">context</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">asset</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">'price'</span><span class="p">),</span>
|
||||
<span class="n">short_mavg</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">short_mavg</span><span class="p">,</span>
|
||||
<span class="n">long_mavg</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">long_mavg</span><span class="p">)</span>
|
||||
|
||||
<span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">analyze</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">context</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">perf</span><span class="p">):</span>
|
||||
<span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">matplotlib.pyplot</span> <span class="kn">as</span> <span class="nn">plt</span>
|
||||
<span class="n">fig</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">plt</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">figure</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">figsize</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">12</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="mi">12</span><span class="p">))</span>
|
||||
<span class="n">ax1</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">fig</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">add_subplot</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">211</span><span class="p">)</span>
|
||||
<span class="n">perf</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">portfolio_value</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">plot</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">ax</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">ax1</span><span class="p">)</span>
|
||||
<span class="n">ax1</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">set_ylabel</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">'portfolio value in $'</span><span class="p">)</span>
|
||||
|
||||
<span class="n">ax2</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">fig</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">add_subplot</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">212</span><span class="p">)</span>
|
||||
<span class="n">perf</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s">'btc'</span><span class="p">]</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">plot</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">ax</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">ax2</span><span class="p">)</span>
|
||||
<span class="n">perf</span><span class="p">[[</span><span class="s">'short_mavg'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">'long_mavg'</span><span class="p">]]</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">plot</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">ax</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">ax2</span><span class="p">)</span>
|
||||
<span class="c"># Get the base_currency that was passed as a parameter to the simulation</span>
|
||||
<span class="n">base_currency</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">context</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">exchanges</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">values</span><span class="p">()[</span><span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">]</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">base_currency</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">upper</span><span class="p">()</span>
|
||||
|
||||
<span class="n">perf_trans</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">perf</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">ix</span><span class="p">[[</span><span class="n">t</span> <span class="o">!=</span> <span class="p">[]</span> <span class="k">for</span> <span class="n">t</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="n">perf</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">transactions</span><span class="p">]]</span>
|
||||
<span class="n">buys</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">perf_trans</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">ix</span><span class="p">[[</span><span class="n">t</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">][</span><span class="s">'amount'</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">></span> <span class="mi">0</span> <span class="k">for</span> <span class="n">t</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="n">perf_trans</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">transactions</span><span class="p">]]</span>
|
||||
<span class="n">sells</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">perf_trans</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">ix</span><span class="p">[</span>
|
||||
<span class="p">[</span><span class="n">t</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">][</span><span class="s">'amount'</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o"><</span> <span class="mi">0</span> <span class="k">for</span> <span class="n">t</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="n">perf_trans</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">transactions</span><span class="p">]]</span>
|
||||
<span class="n">ax2</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">plot</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">buys</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">index</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">perf</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">short_mavg</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">ix</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">buys</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">index</span><span class="p">],</span>
|
||||
<span class="s">'^'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">markersize</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mi">10</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">color</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">'m'</span><span class="p">)</span>
|
||||
<span class="n">ax2</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">plot</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">sells</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">index</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">perf</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">short_mavg</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">ix</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">sells</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">index</span><span class="p">],</span>
|
||||
<span class="s">'v'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">markersize</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mi">10</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">color</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">'k'</span><span class="p">)</span>
|
||||
<span class="n">ax2</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">set_ylabel</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">'price in $'</span><span class="p">)</span>
|
||||
<span class="n">plt</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">legend</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">loc</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">)</span>
|
||||
<span class="n">plt</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">show</span><span class="p">()</span>
|
||||
<span class="c"># First chart: Plot portfolio value using base_currency</span>
|
||||
<span class="n">ax1</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">plt</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">subplot</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">411</span><span class="p">)</span>
|
||||
<span class="n">perf</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">loc</span><span class="p">[:,</span> <span class="p">[</span><span class="s">'portfolio_value'</span><span class="p">]]</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">plot</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">ax</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">ax1</span><span class="p">)</span>
|
||||
<span class="n">ax1</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">legend_</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">remove</span><span class="p">()</span>
|
||||
<span class="n">ax1</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">set_ylabel</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">'Portfolio Value</span><span class="se">\n</span><span class="s">({})'</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">format</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">base_currency</span><span class="p">))</span>
|
||||
<span class="n">start</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">end</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">ax1</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">get_ylim</span><span class="p">()</span>
|
||||
<span class="n">ax1</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">yaxis</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">set_ticks</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">np</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">arange</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">start</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">end</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">end</span><span class="o">-</span><span class="n">start</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="mi">5</span><span class="p">))</span>
|
||||
|
||||
<span class="c"># Second chart: Plot asset price, moving averages and buys/sells</span>
|
||||
<span class="n">ax2</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">plt</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">subplot</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">412</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">sharex</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">ax1</span><span class="p">)</span>
|
||||
<span class="n">perf</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">loc</span><span class="p">[:,</span> <span class="p">[</span><span class="s">'price'</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="s">'short_mavg'</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="s">'long_mavg'</span><span class="p">]]</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">plot</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">ax</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">ax2</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">label</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">'Price'</span><span class="p">)</span>
|
||||
<span class="n">ax2</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">legend_</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">remove</span><span class="p">()</span>
|
||||
<span class="n">ax2</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">set_ylabel</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">'{asset}</span><span class="se">\n</span><span class="s">({base})'</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">format</span><span class="p">(</span>
|
||||
<span class="n">asset</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">context</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">asset</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">symbol</span><span class="p">,</span>
|
||||
<span class="n">base</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">base_currency</span>
|
||||
<span class="p">))</span>
|
||||
<span class="n">start</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">end</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">ax2</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">get_ylim</span><span class="p">()</span>
|
||||
<span class="n">ax2</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">yaxis</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">set_ticks</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">np</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">arange</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">start</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">end</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">end</span><span class="o">-</span><span class="n">start</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="mi">5</span><span class="p">))</span>
|
||||
|
||||
<span class="n">transaction_df</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">extract_transactions</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">perf</span><span class="p">)</span>
|
||||
<span class="k">if</span> <span class="ow">not</span> <span class="n">transaction_df</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">empty</span><span class="p">:</span>
|
||||
<span class="n">buy_df</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">transaction_df</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">transaction_df</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s">'amount'</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">></span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">]</span>
|
||||
<span class="n">sell_df</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">transaction_df</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">transaction_df</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s">'amount'</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o"><</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">]</span>
|
||||
<span class="n">ax2</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">scatter</span><span class="p">(</span>
|
||||
<span class="n">buy_df</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">index</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">to_pydatetime</span><span class="p">(),</span>
|
||||
<span class="n">perf</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">loc</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">buy_df</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">index</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">'price'</span><span class="p">],</span>
|
||||
<span class="n">marker</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">'^'</span><span class="p">,</span>
|
||||
<span class="n">s</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mi">100</span><span class="p">,</span>
|
||||
<span class="n">c</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">'green'</span><span class="p">,</span>
|
||||
<span class="n">label</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">''</span>
|
||||
<span class="p">)</span>
|
||||
<span class="n">ax2</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">scatter</span><span class="p">(</span>
|
||||
<span class="n">sell_df</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">index</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">to_pydatetime</span><span class="p">(),</span>
|
||||
<span class="n">perf</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">loc</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">sell_df</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">index</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">'price'</span><span class="p">],</span>
|
||||
<span class="n">marker</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">'v'</span><span class="p">,</span>
|
||||
<span class="n">s</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mi">100</span><span class="p">,</span>
|
||||
<span class="n">c</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">'red'</span><span class="p">,</span>
|
||||
<span class="n">label</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">''</span>
|
||||
<span class="p">)</span>
|
||||
|
||||
<span class="c"># Third chart: Compare percentage change between our portfolio</span>
|
||||
<span class="c"># and the price of the asset</span>
|
||||
<span class="n">ax3</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">plt</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">subplot</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">413</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">sharex</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">ax1</span><span class="p">)</span>
|
||||
<span class="n">perf</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">loc</span><span class="p">[:,</span> <span class="p">[</span><span class="s">'algorithm_period_return'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">'price_change'</span><span class="p">]]</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">plot</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">ax</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">ax3</span><span class="p">)</span>
|
||||
<span class="n">ax3</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">legend_</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">remove</span><span class="p">()</span>
|
||||
<span class="n">ax3</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">set_ylabel</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">'Percent Change'</span><span class="p">)</span>
|
||||
<span class="n">start</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">end</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">ax3</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">get_ylim</span><span class="p">()</span>
|
||||
<span class="n">ax3</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">yaxis</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">set_ticks</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">np</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">arange</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">start</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">end</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">end</span><span class="o">-</span><span class="n">start</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="mi">5</span><span class="p">))</span>
|
||||
|
||||
<span class="c"># Fourth chart: Plot our cash</span>
|
||||
<span class="n">ax4</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">plt</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">subplot</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">414</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">sharex</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">ax1</span><span class="p">)</span>
|
||||
<span class="n">perf</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">cash</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">plot</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">ax</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">ax4</span><span class="p">)</span>
|
||||
<span class="n">ax4</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">set_ylabel</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">'Cash</span><span class="se">\n</span><span class="s">({})'</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">format</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">base_currency</span><span class="p">))</span>
|
||||
<span class="n">start</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">end</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">ax4</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">get_ylim</span><span class="p">()</span>
|
||||
<span class="n">ax4</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">yaxis</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">set_ticks</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">np</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">arange</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">end</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">end</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="mi">5</span><span class="p">))</span>
|
||||
|
||||
<span class="n">plt</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">show</span><span class="p">()</span>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
<span class="k">if</span> <span class="n">__name__</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="s">'__main__'</span><span class="p">:</span>
|
||||
<span class="n">run_algorithm</span><span class="p">(</span>
|
||||
<span class="n">capital_base</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mi">1000</span><span class="p">,</span>
|
||||
<span class="n">data_frequency</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">'minute'</span><span class="p">,</span>
|
||||
<span class="n">initialize</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">initialize</span><span class="p">,</span>
|
||||
<span class="n">handle_data</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">handle_data</span><span class="p">,</span>
|
||||
<span class="n">analyze</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">analyze</span><span class="p">,</span>
|
||||
<span class="n">exchange_name</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">'bitfinex'</span><span class="p">,</span>
|
||||
<span class="n">algo_namespace</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">NAMESPACE</span><span class="p">,</span>
|
||||
<span class="n">base_currency</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">'usd'</span><span class="p">,</span>
|
||||
<span class="n">start</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">pd</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">to_datetime</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">'2017-9-22'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">utc</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="bp">True</span><span class="p">),</span>
|
||||
<span class="n">end</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">pd</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">to_datetime</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">'2017-9-23'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">utc</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="bp">True</span><span class="p">),</span>
|
||||
<span class="p">)</span>
|
||||
</pre></div>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
<p>Here we are explicitly defining an <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">analyze()</span></code> function that gets
|
||||
automatically called once the backtest is done.</p>
|
||||
<p>In order to run the code above, you have to ingest the needed data first:</p>
|
||||
<div class="highlight-bash"><div class="highlight"><pre>catalyst ingest-exchange -x bitfinex -f minute -i ltc_usd
|
||||
</pre></div>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
<p>And then run the code above with the following command:</p>
|
||||
<div class="highlight-bash"><div class="highlight"><pre>catalyst run -f dual_moving_average.py -x bitfinex -s 2017-9-22 -e 2017-9-23 --capital-base <span class="m">1000</span> --base-currency usd --data-frequency minute -o out.pickle
|
||||
</pre></div>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
<p>Alternatively, we can make use of the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">run_algorithm()</span></code> function included at
|
||||
the end of the file, where we can specify all the simulation parameters, and
|
||||
execute this file as a Python script:</p>
|
||||
<div class="highlight-bash"><div class="highlight"><pre>python dual_moving_average.py
|
||||
</pre></div>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
<p>Either way, we obtain the following charts:</p>
|
||||
<img alt="https://s3.amazonaws.com/enigmaco-docs/github.io/tutorial_dual_moving_average.png" src="https://s3.amazonaws.com/enigmaco-docs/github.io/tutorial_dual_moving_average.png" />
|
||||
<p>A few comments on the code above:</p>
|
||||
<blockquote>
|
||||
<div><p>At the beginning of our code, we import a number of Python libraries that we
|
||||
will be using in different parts of our script. It’s good practice to keep all
|
||||
imports at the beginning of the file, as they are available globally
|
||||
throughout our script. All the libraries imported in this example are already
|
||||
present in your environment since they are prerequisites for the Catalyst
|
||||
installation.</p>
|
||||
<p>Focus on the code that is inside <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">handle_data()</span></code> that is where all the
|
||||
trading logic occurs. You can safely dismiss most of the code in the
|
||||
<code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">analyze()</span></code> section, which is mostly to customize the visualization of the
|
||||
performance of our algorithm using the matplotlib library. You can copy and
|
||||
paste this whole section into other algorithms to obtain a similar display.</p>
|
||||
<p>Inside the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">handle_data()</span></code>, we also used the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">order_target_percent()</span></code>
|
||||
function above. This and other functions like it can make order management
|
||||
and portfolio rebalancing much easier.</p>
|
||||
<p>The <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">ltc_usd</span></code> asset was arbitrarily chosen. The values of 50 and 200 for the
|
||||
<code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">short_window</span></code> and <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">long_window</span></code> parameters are fairly common for a dual
|
||||
moving average crossover strategy from the world of traditional stocks (but
|
||||
bear in mind that they are usually used with daily bars instead of minute
|
||||
bars). The <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">start</span></code> and <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">end</span></code> dates have been chosen so as to demonstrate
|
||||
how our strategy can both perform better (blue line above green line on the
|
||||
<code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">Percent</span> <span class="pre">Change</span></code> chart) and worse (green line above blue line towards the end) than the
|
||||
price of the asset we are trading.</p>
|
||||
<p>You can change any of these parameters: <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">asset</span></code>, <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">short_window</span></code>,
|
||||
<code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">long_window</span></code>, <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">start_date</span></code> and <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">end_date</span></code> and compare the results, and
|
||||
you will see that in most cases, the performance is either worse than the
|
||||
price of the asset, or you are overfitting to one specific case. As we said
|
||||
at the beginning of this section, this strategy is probably not used by any
|
||||
serious trader anymore, but its educational purpose.</p>
|
||||
</div></blockquote>
|
||||
<p>Although it might not be directly apparent, the power of <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">history()</span></code>
|
||||
(pun intended) can not be under-estimated as most algorithms make use of
|
||||
prior market developments in one form or another. You could easily
|
||||
@@ -808,20 +952,13 @@ predict future market movements based on past prices (note, that most of
|
||||
the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">scikit-learn</span></code> functions require <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">numpy.ndarray</span></code>s rather than
|
||||
<code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">pandas.DataFrame</span></code>s, so you can simply pass the underlying
|
||||
<code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">ndarray</span></code> of a <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">DataFrame</span></code> via <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">.values</span></code>).</p>
|
||||
<p>We also used the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">order_target()</span></code> function above. This and other
|
||||
functions like it can make order management and portfolio rebalancing
|
||||
much easier.</p>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
<div class="section" id="conclusions">
|
||||
<h2>Conclusions<a class="headerlink" href="#conclusions" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
|
||||
<div class="section" id="next-steps">
|
||||
<h2>Next steps<a class="headerlink" href="#next-steps" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
|
||||
<p>We hope that this tutorial gave you a little insight into the
|
||||
architecture, API, and features of <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">catalyst</span></code>. For next steps, check
|
||||
out some of the
|
||||
<a class="reference external" href="https://github.com/enigmampc/catalyst/tree/master/catalyst/examples">examples</a>.
|
||||
The natural next step would be too look into the
|
||||
<a class="reference external" href="https://github.com/enigmampc/catalyst/blob/master/catalyst/examples/buy_and_hodl.py">buy_and_hodl</a>
|
||||
example, which is a more elaborated and realistic version of the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">buy_btc_simple</span></code> example presented in this tutorial.</p>
|
||||
architecture, API, and features of Catalyst. For next steps, check
|
||||
out some of the other <a class="reference internal" href="example-algos.html"><em>example algorithms</em></a>.</p>
|
||||
<p>Feel free to ask questions on the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">#catalyst_dev</span></code> channel of our
|
||||
<a class="reference external" href="https://discord.gg/SJK32GY">Discord group</a> and report
|
||||
problems on our <a class="reference external" href="https://github.com/enigmampc/catalyst/issues">GitHub issue tracker</a>.</p>
|
||||
|
||||
+13
-18
@@ -148,46 +148,41 @@
|
||||
</ul>
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="releases.html">Release Notes</a><ul>
|
||||
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="releases.html#version-0-3-9">Version 0.3.9</a><ul>
|
||||
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|
||||
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="releases.html#build">Build</a></li>
|
||||
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|
||||
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|
||||
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|
||||
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|
||||
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="releases.html#bug-fixes">Bug Fixes</a></li>
|
||||
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|
||||
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|
||||
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|
||||
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|
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|
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|
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|
||||
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|
||||
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="releases.html#id4">Bug Fixes</a></li>
|
||||
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="releases.html#id2">Bug Fixes</a></li>
|
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</ul>
|
||||
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|
||||
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="releases.html#version-0-3-5">Version 0.3.5</a><ul>
|
||||
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="releases.html#id5">Bug Fixes</a></li>
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|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="releases.html#id8">Build</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="releases.html#version-0-3-2">Version 0.3.2</a><ul>
|
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|
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<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="releases.html#id10">Build</a></li>
|
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</ul>
|
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|
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<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="releases.html#version-0-3-2">Version 0.3.2</a><ul>
|
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<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="releases.html#id11">Bug Fixes</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="releases.html#id12">Build</a></li>
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|
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|
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<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="releases.html#version-0-3-1">Version 0.3.1</a><ul>
|
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<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="releases.html#id13">Bug Fixes</a></li>
|
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<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="releases.html#id11">Bug Fixes</a></li>
|
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</ul>
|
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</li>
|
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<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="releases.html#version-0-3">Version 0.3</a></li>
|
||||
|
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+13
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@@ -150,46 +150,41 @@
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</ul>
|
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</li>
|
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<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="releases.html">Release Notes</a><ul>
|
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<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="releases.html#version-0-3-9">Version 0.3.9</a><ul>
|
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<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="releases.html#build">Build</a></li>
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|
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<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="releases.html#bug-fixes">Bug Fixes</a></li>
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|
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<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="releases.html#id2">Bug Fixes</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="releases.html#id3">Build</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="releases.html#id4">Bug Fixes</a></li>
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|
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+13
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@@ -150,46 +150,41 @@
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|
||||
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||||
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|
||||
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="releases.html#version-0-3-2">Version 0.3.2</a><ul>
|
||||
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="releases.html#id9">Bug Fixes</a></li>
|
||||
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="releases.html#id10">Build</a></li>
|
||||
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|
||||
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||||
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="releases.html#version-0-3-2">Version 0.3.2</a><ul>
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||||
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="releases.html#id11">Bug Fixes</a></li>
|
||||
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="releases.html#id12">Build</a></li>
|
||||
</ul>
|
||||
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||||
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="releases.html#version-0-3-1">Version 0.3.1</a><ul>
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||||
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="releases.html#id13">Bug Fixes</a></li>
|
||||
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="releases.html#id11">Bug Fixes</a></li>
|
||||
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|
||||
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||||
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|
||||
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||||
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|
||||
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|
||||
</ul>
|
||||
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|
||||
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="beginner-tutorial.html#conclusions">Conclusions</a></li>
|
||||
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="beginner-tutorial.html#next-steps">Next steps</a></li>
|
||||
</ul>
|
||||
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||||
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|
||||
@@ -227,7 +227,7 @@
|
||||
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|
||||
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||||
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||||
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||||
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||||
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="beginner-tutorial.html#working-example-dual-moving-average-cross-over">Working example: Dual Moving Average Cross-Over</a></li>
|
||||
</ul>
|
||||
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|
||||
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="beginner-tutorial.html#conclusions">Conclusions</a></li>
|
||||
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||||
</ul>
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||||
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||||
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||||
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||||
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||||
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="releases.html#version-0-3-9">Version 0.3.9</a><ul>
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||||
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="releases.html#bug-fixes">Bug Fixes</a></li>
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||||
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="releases.html#build">Build</a></li>
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||||
</ul>
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||||
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||||
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="releases.html#version-0-3-8">Version 0.3.8</a><ul>
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||||
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="releases.html#id1">Bug Fixes</a></li>
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||||
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="releases.html#bug-fixes">Bug Fixes</a></li>
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||||
</ul>
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||||
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||||
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="releases.html#version-0-3-7">Version 0.3.7</a><ul>
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<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="releases.html#id2">Bug Fixes</a></li>
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||||
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="releases.html#id3">Build</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="releases.html#id1">Bug Fixes</a></li>
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||||
</ul>
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||||
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||||
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="releases.html#version-0-3-6">Version 0.3.6</a><ul>
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||||
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="releases.html#id4">Bug Fixes</a></li>
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||||
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="releases.html#id2">Bug Fixes</a></li>
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||||
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||||
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||||
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="releases.html#id5">Bug Fixes</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="releases.html#id3">Bug Fixes</a></li>
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||||
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<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="releases.html#id6">Bug Fixes</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="releases.html#id7">Build</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="releases.html#id4">Bug Fixes</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="releases.html#id5">Build</a></li>
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||||
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<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="releases.html#id8">Build</a></li>
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||||
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||||
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||||
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="releases.html#id9">Bug Fixes</a></li>
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||||
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="releases.html#id10">Build</a></li>
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||||
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||||
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||||
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="releases.html#version-0-3-2">Version 0.3.2</a><ul>
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||||
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="releases.html#id11">Bug Fixes</a></li>
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||||
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="releases.html#id12">Build</a></li>
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||||
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||||
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||||
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="releases.html#id13">Bug Fixes</a></li>
|
||||
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="releases.html#id11">Bug Fixes</a></li>
|
||||
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||||
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||||
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||||
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||||
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="releases.html#version-0-3-9">Version 0.3.9</a><ul>
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||||
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="releases.html#bug-fixes">Bug Fixes</a></li>
|
||||
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="releases.html#build">Build</a></li>
|
||||
</ul>
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||||
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||||
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="releases.html#version-0-3-8">Version 0.3.8</a><ul>
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||||
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="releases.html#id1">Bug Fixes</a></li>
|
||||
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="releases.html#bug-fixes">Bug Fixes</a></li>
|
||||
</ul>
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||||
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||||
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="releases.html#version-0-3-7">Version 0.3.7</a><ul>
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||||
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="releases.html#id2">Bug Fixes</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="releases.html#id3">Build</a></li>
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||||
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="releases.html#id1">Bug Fixes</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="releases.html#build">Build</a></li>
|
||||
</ul>
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||||
</li>
|
||||
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="releases.html#version-0-3-6">Version 0.3.6</a><ul>
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||||
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="releases.html#id4">Bug Fixes</a></li>
|
||||
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="releases.html#id2">Bug Fixes</a></li>
|
||||
</ul>
|
||||
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||||
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="releases.html#version-0-3-5">Version 0.3.5</a><ul>
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||||
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="releases.html#id5">Bug Fixes</a></li>
|
||||
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="releases.html#id3">Bug Fixes</a></li>
|
||||
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|
||||
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||||
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="releases.html#version-0-3-4">Version 0.3.4</a><ul>
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||||
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="releases.html#id6">Bug Fixes</a></li>
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||||
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="releases.html#id7">Build</a></li>
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||||
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|
||||
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="releases.html#id5">Build</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="releases.html#documentation">Documentation</a></li>
|
||||
</ul>
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||||
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<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="releases.html#version-0-3-3">Version 0.3.3</a><ul>
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||||
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="releases.html#id7">Bug Fixes</a></li>
|
||||
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="releases.html#id8">Build</a></li>
|
||||
</ul>
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="releases.html#version-0-3-2">Version 0.3.2</a><ul>
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||||
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="releases.html#id9">Bug Fixes</a></li>
|
||||
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="releases.html#id10">Build</a></li>
|
||||
</ul>
|
||||
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||||
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="releases.html#version-0-3-2">Version 0.3.2</a><ul>
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||||
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="releases.html#id11">Bug Fixes</a></li>
|
||||
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="releases.html#id12">Build</a></li>
|
||||
</ul>
|
||||
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||||
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="releases.html#version-0-3-1">Version 0.3.1</a><ul>
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<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="releases.html#id13">Bug Fixes</a></li>
|
||||
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="releases.html#id11">Bug Fixes</a></li>
|
||||
</ul>
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||||
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||||
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||||
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="releases.html#version-0-3-9">Version 0.3.9</a><ul>
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||||
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="releases.html#bug-fixes">Bug Fixes</a></li>
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|
||||
</ul>
|
||||
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||||
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="releases.html#version-0-3-8">Version 0.3.8</a><ul>
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||||
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="releases.html#id1">Bug Fixes</a></li>
|
||||
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="releases.html#bug-fixes">Bug Fixes</a></li>
|
||||
</ul>
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="releases.html#version-0-3-7">Version 0.3.7</a><ul>
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||||
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="releases.html#id2">Bug Fixes</a></li>
|
||||
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="releases.html#id3">Build</a></li>
|
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<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="releases.html#id1">Bug Fixes</a></li>
|
||||
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|
||||
</ul>
|
||||
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|
||||
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="releases.html#version-0-3-6">Version 0.3.6</a><ul>
|
||||
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="releases.html#id4">Bug Fixes</a></li>
|
||||
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="releases.html#id2">Bug Fixes</a></li>
|
||||
</ul>
|
||||
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|
||||
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="releases.html#version-0-3-5">Version 0.3.5</a><ul>
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||||
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="releases.html#id5">Bug Fixes</a></li>
|
||||
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="releases.html#id3">Bug Fixes</a></li>
|
||||
</ul>
|
||||
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|
||||
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="releases.html#version-0-3-4">Version 0.3.4</a><ul>
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||||
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="releases.html#id6">Bug Fixes</a></li>
|
||||
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="releases.html#id7">Build</a></li>
|
||||
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="releases.html#id4">Bug Fixes</a></li>
|
||||
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="releases.html#id5">Build</a></li>
|
||||
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="releases.html#documentation">Documentation</a></li>
|
||||
</ul>
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="releases.html#version-0-3-3">Version 0.3.3</a><ul>
|
||||
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="releases.html#id7">Bug Fixes</a></li>
|
||||
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="releases.html#id8">Build</a></li>
|
||||
</ul>
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="releases.html#version-0-3-2">Version 0.3.2</a><ul>
|
||||
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="releases.html#id9">Bug Fixes</a></li>
|
||||
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="releases.html#id10">Build</a></li>
|
||||
</ul>
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="releases.html#version-0-3-2">Version 0.3.2</a><ul>
|
||||
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="releases.html#id11">Bug Fixes</a></li>
|
||||
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="releases.html#id12">Build</a></li>
|
||||
</ul>
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="releases.html#version-0-3-1">Version 0.3.1</a><ul>
|
||||
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="releases.html#id13">Bug Fixes</a></li>
|
||||
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="releases.html#id11">Bug Fixes</a></li>
|
||||
</ul>
|
||||
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|
||||
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="releases.html#version-0-3">Version 0.3</a></li>
|
||||
|
||||
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|
||||
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|
||||
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||||
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|
||||
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="releases.html#version-0-3-9">Version 0.3.9</a><ul>
|
||||
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="releases.html#bug-fixes">Bug Fixes</a></li>
|
||||
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="releases.html#build">Build</a></li>
|
||||
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|
||||
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|
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<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="releases.html#version-0-3-8">Version 0.3.8</a><ul>
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||||
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="releases.html#id1">Bug Fixes</a></li>
|
||||
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="releases.html#bug-fixes">Bug Fixes</a></li>
|
||||
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|
||||
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|
||||
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="releases.html#version-0-3-7">Version 0.3.7</a><ul>
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||||
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="releases.html#id2">Bug Fixes</a></li>
|
||||
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="releases.html#id3">Build</a></li>
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||||
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|
||||
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|
||||
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|
||||
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="releases.html#version-0-3-6">Version 0.3.6</a><ul>
|
||||
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="releases.html#id4">Bug Fixes</a></li>
|
||||
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="releases.html#id2">Bug Fixes</a></li>
|
||||
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|
||||
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|
||||
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="releases.html#version-0-3-5">Version 0.3.5</a><ul>
|
||||
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="releases.html#id5">Bug Fixes</a></li>
|
||||
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="releases.html#id3">Bug Fixes</a></li>
|
||||
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|
||||
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|
||||
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="releases.html#version-0-3-4">Version 0.3.4</a><ul>
|
||||
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="releases.html#id6">Bug Fixes</a></li>
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||||
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||||
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||||
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||||
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||||
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||||
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||||
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||||
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||||
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||||
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||||
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||||
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||||
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="releases.html#id10">Build</a></li>
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||||
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||||
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||||
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="releases.html#version-0-3-2">Version 0.3.2</a><ul>
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||||
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="releases.html#id12">Build</a></li>
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||||
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||||
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||||
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||||
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="releases.html#id13">Bug Fixes</a></li>
|
||||
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="releases.html#id11">Bug Fixes</a></li>
|
||||
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||||
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||||
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||||
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||||
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||||
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||||
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="releases.html#version-0-3-9">Version 0.3.9</a><ul>
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||||
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<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="releases.html#version-0-3-8">Version 0.3.8</a><ul>
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<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="releases.html#bug-fixes">Bug Fixes</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="releases.html#id3">Build</a></li>
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||||
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||||
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<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="releases.html#version-0-3-6">Version 0.3.6</a><ul>
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<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="releases.html#id4">Bug Fixes</a></li>
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||||
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="releases.html#id2">Bug Fixes</a></li>
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||||
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||||
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||||
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|
||||
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||||
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<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="releases.html#id6">Bug Fixes</a></li>
|
||||
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="releases.html#id7">Build</a></li>
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||||
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||||
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||||
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|
||||
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="releases.html#id8">Build</a></li>
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||||
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||||
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="releases.html#id9">Bug Fixes</a></li>
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||||
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="releases.html#id10">Build</a></li>
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||||
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<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="releases.html#id11">Bug Fixes</a></li>
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||||
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||||
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||||
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="beginner-tutorial.html#conclusions">Conclusions</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="releases.html#bug-fixes">Bug Fixes</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="releases.html#id2">Bug Fixes</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="releases.html#id3">Build</a></li>
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||||
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||||
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||||
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="releases.html#id4">Bug Fixes</a></li>
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||||
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="releases.html#id2">Bug Fixes</a></li>
|
||||
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||||
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||||
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||||
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="releases.html#id5">Bug Fixes</a></li>
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||||
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|
||||
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||||
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||||
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||||
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="releases.html#id6">Bug Fixes</a></li>
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||||
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="releases.html#id7">Build</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="releases.html#id8">Build</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="releases.html#id9">Bug Fixes</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="releases.html#id10">Build</a></li>
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||||
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||||
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<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="releases.html#id11">Bug Fixes</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="releases.html#id12">Build</a></li>
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||||
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||||
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<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="releases.html#id13">Bug Fixes</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="releases.html#id11">Bug Fixes</a></li>
|
||||
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||||
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||||
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||||
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|
||||
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="beginner-tutorial.html#working-example-dual-moving-average-cross-over">Working example: Dual Moving Average Cross-Over</a></li>
|
||||
</ul>
|
||||
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|
||||
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="beginner-tutorial.html#conclusions">Conclusions</a></li>
|
||||
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="beginner-tutorial.html#next-steps">Next steps</a></li>
|
||||
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|
||||
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||||
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|
||||
<li><a href="index.html">Docs</a> »</li>
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||||
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||||
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<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="releases.html#id1">Bug Fixes</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="releases.html#bug-fixes">Bug Fixes</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="releases.html#id2">Bug Fixes</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="releases.html#id3">Build</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="releases.html#id5">Bug Fixes</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="releases.html#id3">Build</a></li>
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|
||||
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="releases.html#version-0-3-6">Version 0.3.6</a><ul>
|
||||
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="releases.html#id4">Bug Fixes</a></li>
|
||||
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="releases.html#id2">Bug Fixes</a></li>
|
||||
</ul>
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="releases.html#version-0-3-5">Version 0.3.5</a><ul>
|
||||
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="releases.html#id5">Bug Fixes</a></li>
|
||||
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="releases.html#id3">Bug Fixes</a></li>
|
||||
</ul>
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="releases.html#version-0-3-4">Version 0.3.4</a><ul>
|
||||
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="releases.html#id6">Bug Fixes</a></li>
|
||||
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="releases.html#id7">Build</a></li>
|
||||
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="releases.html#id4">Bug Fixes</a></li>
|
||||
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="releases.html#id5">Build</a></li>
|
||||
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="releases.html#documentation">Documentation</a></li>
|
||||
</ul>
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="releases.html#version-0-3-3">Version 0.3.3</a><ul>
|
||||
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="releases.html#id7">Bug Fixes</a></li>
|
||||
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="releases.html#id8">Build</a></li>
|
||||
</ul>
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="releases.html#version-0-3-2">Version 0.3.2</a><ul>
|
||||
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="releases.html#id9">Bug Fixes</a></li>
|
||||
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="releases.html#id10">Build</a></li>
|
||||
</ul>
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="releases.html#version-0-3-2">Version 0.3.2</a><ul>
|
||||
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="releases.html#id11">Bug Fixes</a></li>
|
||||
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="releases.html#id12">Build</a></li>
|
||||
</ul>
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="releases.html#version-0-3-1">Version 0.3.1</a><ul>
|
||||
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="releases.html#id13">Bug Fixes</a></li>
|
||||
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="releases.html#id11">Bug Fixes</a></li>
|
||||
</ul>
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="releases.html#version-0-3">Version 0.3</a></li>
|
||||
|
||||
+13
-18
@@ -148,46 +148,41 @@
|
||||
</ul>
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="releases.html">Release Notes</a><ul>
|
||||
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="releases.html#version-0-3-9">Version 0.3.9</a><ul>
|
||||
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="releases.html#bug-fixes">Bug Fixes</a></li>
|
||||
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="releases.html#build">Build</a></li>
|
||||
</ul>
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="releases.html#version-0-3-8">Version 0.3.8</a><ul>
|
||||
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="releases.html#id1">Bug Fixes</a></li>
|
||||
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="releases.html#bug-fixes">Bug Fixes</a></li>
|
||||
</ul>
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="releases.html#version-0-3-7">Version 0.3.7</a><ul>
|
||||
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="releases.html#id2">Bug Fixes</a></li>
|
||||
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="releases.html#id3">Build</a></li>
|
||||
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="releases.html#id1">Bug Fixes</a></li>
|
||||
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="releases.html#build">Build</a></li>
|
||||
</ul>
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="releases.html#version-0-3-6">Version 0.3.6</a><ul>
|
||||
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="releases.html#id4">Bug Fixes</a></li>
|
||||
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="releases.html#id2">Bug Fixes</a></li>
|
||||
</ul>
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="releases.html#version-0-3-5">Version 0.3.5</a><ul>
|
||||
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="releases.html#id5">Bug Fixes</a></li>
|
||||
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="releases.html#id3">Bug Fixes</a></li>
|
||||
</ul>
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="releases.html#version-0-3-4">Version 0.3.4</a><ul>
|
||||
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="releases.html#id6">Bug Fixes</a></li>
|
||||
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="releases.html#id7">Build</a></li>
|
||||
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="releases.html#id4">Bug Fixes</a></li>
|
||||
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="releases.html#id5">Build</a></li>
|
||||
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="releases.html#documentation">Documentation</a></li>
|
||||
</ul>
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="releases.html#version-0-3-3">Version 0.3.3</a><ul>
|
||||
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="releases.html#id7">Bug Fixes</a></li>
|
||||
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="releases.html#id8">Build</a></li>
|
||||
</ul>
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="releases.html#version-0-3-2">Version 0.3.2</a><ul>
|
||||
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="releases.html#id9">Bug Fixes</a></li>
|
||||
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="releases.html#id10">Build</a></li>
|
||||
</ul>
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="releases.html#version-0-3-2">Version 0.3.2</a><ul>
|
||||
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="releases.html#id11">Bug Fixes</a></li>
|
||||
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="releases.html#id12">Build</a></li>
|
||||
</ul>
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="releases.html#version-0-3-1">Version 0.3.1</a><ul>
|
||||
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="releases.html#id13">Bug Fixes</a></li>
|
||||
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="releases.html#id11">Bug Fixes</a></li>
|
||||
</ul>
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="releases.html#version-0-3">Version 0.3</a></li>
|
||||
|
||||
Reference in New Issue
Block a user